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Bmjvg I gvZ…fvlvq mvwnZ¨PP©v

Avng` Ave`yjøvn
fvlv gnvb Avjøvn iveŸyj Avjvgx‡bi GK we‡kl `vb, we‡kl †bqvgZ| gvbe m„wói ïiæ †_‡KB gnvb AvjøvnZvqvjv gvbeRvwZ‡K †h mKj †bhvgZ `vb K‡i‡Qb wbtm‡›`‡n fvlv Zb¥‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| gvbeRvwZ AvR Áv‡b-weÁv‡b, wk‡í-mvwn‡Z¨, wPšÍv-†PZbvq AvR‡Ki †MŠiegq Ae¯’v‡b G‡m `uvwo‡q‡Q Zvi gy‡L i‡q‡Q Avjøvn cÖ`Ë evKkw³ ev fvlv| cweÎ †KviAvb gRx‡` gnvb AvjøvnZvqvjv ZvB e‡jb, ÔKiæYvgq Avjøvn| wkÿv w`‡q‡Qb †KviAvb| m„wó K‡i‡Qb gvbyl| Zv‡K wkwL‡q‡Qb eY©bv| (myiv-ivngvb (AvqvZ 1-2-3-4)| myZivs GK_v cwi®‹vi †h fvlvi mªóv ¯^qs Avjøvn iveŸyj Avjvgxb| wZwb nhiZ Av`g (Avt)†K me©cÖ_g mg¯Í e¯‘i bvg wkÿv w`‡q‡Qb| h_v-ÔwZwb nhiZ Av`g (Avt)†K mg¯Í e¯‘i bvg wkÿv w`‡qwQ‡jb|Õ (myiv evKviv, AvqvZ-31)| ÔAvi Zvi wb`k©bvejxi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q b‡fvgÊj I f‚gʇji m„wó Ges †Zvgv‡`i fvlv I e‡Y©i ˆewPΨ (myiv iƒg-AvqvZ-22)|
Dc‡ii AvqvZØq †_‡K Rvbv hv‡”Q †h, Avjøvn iveŸyj B¾Z me©cÖ_g nhiZ Av`g (Av.)†K bvbv fvlv wkÿv cÖ`vb K‡iwQ‡jb| djkªæwZ‡Z wZwb Aviex, dvimx, Beivbx, iægx, myihvbx BZ¨vw` bvbv fvlvq K_v ej‡Zb| cieZx©‡Z Zvi mšÍvb-mšÍwZMY hLb we‡k¦i bvbv cÖv‡šÍ Qwo‡q c‡ob ZLb Zviv cÖ‡Z¨‡K ¯^xq fvlvmg~n †_‡K GK GKwU fvlv‡K wb‡R‡`i K_v fvlviƒ‡c MÖnY K‡ib| Gfv‡eB fvlvi g‡a¨ µgvš^‡q bvbv cwieZ©b, cwiea©b wKsev µgvš^‡q Z…Zxq GKwU fvlvi D™¢e n‡jv| D`vniY¯^iƒc dvimx I wn›`xi mgš^‡q D`y© fvlvi m„wó| Avi GB fvlv ˆewPÎ n‡”Q AvjøvnZvqvjvi Acvi gwngvi Kz`i‡Zi wb`©kbvejxi Ab¨Zg|
Avgv‡`i gvZ…fvlv evsjv| Avgiv evsjv fvlv‡ZB Avgv‡`i g‡bi hveZxq Abyfe, AvKvOÿv, myL-`ytL, nvwm-Kvbœvi cÖKvk Kwi| Avgv‡`i mKj Av‡eM GB fvlvi mv‡_ RwoZ Av‡Q| cÖvq †`o nvRvi eQi c~‡e© Avgv‡`i †`‡k evsjv fvlvi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q| G hy‡Mi fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i wb`©kb ¯^iƒc nvRvi eQ‡ii cy‡iv‡bv evsjv MxwZKv ÔPh©vc`Õ hv †bcv‡ji ivR mfvq cvIqv wMqv‡Q| Z‡e Ph©vc‡`i fvlv I A_© Df‡qB `y‡e©va¨| G‡`‡k gymwjg weR‡qi Av‡M cÖv_wgK evsjv fvlvi iƒc I MVb †Kgb wQj †m m¤ú‡K© W. †gvnv¤§` knx`yjøvn e‡jb, ÔRvwb bv KZw`b e½evbx Rw¤^qv N‡ii †Kv‡Y jvRyK ea~wUi g‡Zv wbwiwewj evm K‡iwQ‡jv| †m w`b evsjvi AwZ ¯§iYxq mycÖfvZ, †h w`b †m mvwn‡Z¨i we¯ÍxY© Avm‡i †`Lv w`j|Õ (evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i K_v)|
hv †nvK 1203 wLª÷v‡ã BLwZqviDwÏb †gvnv¤§` web eLwZqvi LjRx webv hy‡× I webv i³cv‡Z evsjv‡`k `Lj K‡ib| evsjvq gymjgvb‡`i GB AvMgb †hb evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i kªxe„w×i `yqvi Ly‡j w`j| gymwjg kvmbvg‡j gymjgvb myjZvb Ges Zv‡`i Aaxb¯’ wn›`y-gymwjg D”Pc`¯’ Kg©Pvix Ges mvgšÍ‡`i c„ô‡cvlKZvq evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨ †hb beRb¥ jvf Ki‡jv| g~jZ GB mgq n‡ZB evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ga¨hy‡Mi m~Pbv| GB hyM ev mgqKvj 1201-1857 wLªt ch©šÍ we¯Í„Z| G mgqKvj‡K †gvU PviwU c‡e© fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
ZzK©x Avgj (1203-1338 wLª.) 2. myjZvbx Avgj 3. †gvMj Avgj 4. Bs‡iR Avgj|
ZzwK© Avg‡j iv‡R¨i mycÖwZôv Ges ivR¨ we¯Ív‡i kvmKMY Zv‡`i kw³gËv wb‡qvwRZ K‡i‡Qb| G mgq mvwnZ¨ ms¯‹…wZi †ÿÎ cÖ¯‘Z nw”Qj|
myjZvbx Avgj‡K `ywU ch©v‡q fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡iÐ
K. Bwjqvm kvnx esk L. †nv‡mb kvnx esk|
Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki myjZvbMY n‡jbt kvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kvn, wmKv›`i kvn, wMqvmDwÏb eieK kvn, kvgmywÏb BDmyd kvn Ges RvjvjywÏb d‡Zn kvn| †nv‡mb kvnx es‡ki myjZvbMY n‡jbt AvjvDwÏb †nv‡mb kvn, bvwmiæwÏb bymiZ kvn, AvjvDwÏb wd‡ivR kvn, wMqvmDwÏb gvngy` kvn| GB mgqKv‡j hviv mvwnZ¨PP©v K‡i‡Qb Zb¥‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jb †kL Kwei, Puv` MvRx, gyRv‡¤§j, kvn †gvnv¤§` mMxi, AvdRvj Avjx, RqbyÏxb, †`vjvMvRx, mvwewiZ Lvb, K…wËevm, †kL dqRyjøvn, Kex›`ª ci‡¤^k¦i weRq ¸ß, h‡kvivR Lvb, ¸bivR Lvb, kªxai cÖgyL| g~bZ Gme Kwe I †jLK‡`i Avkªq I Drmvn w`‡q bvwmi kvn, †nv‡mb kvn, wmKv›`i kvn, wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn kvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kvn, RvjvjywÏb d‡Zn kvn cÖgyL Avgv‡`i c~e©cyiælMY evsjv fvlv mvwn‡Z¨i †MŠiegq wfwË M‡o Zz‡j‡Qb| Ggwbfv‡e †gvMj Avg‡j hviv evsjv fvlvq mvwnZ¨PP©v K‡i‡Qb Zb¥‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jb ˆmq` myjZvb, †kL civb, nvRx †gvnv¤§`, gynv¤§` Kexi, bmiæjøvn Lvb, gxi †gvnv¤§` kdx, ˆmq` gZz©Rv, †kL gyZvwje, bIqvwRm Lvb. gynv¤§` Lvb, Kwe Ave`yj nvwKg, †`ŠjZ DwRi, evnivg Lvb, dwKi Mixeyjøvn, Ave`ybœex, nvqvZ gvgy`, †gvnv¤§` BqvKze, †`ŠjZ KvRx, gi`vb, gvMb VvKzi, gnvKwe AvjvIj, †kL Pv›`, Avãyj Kixg L›`Kvi, ïKi gvngy`, ˆmq` †gvnv¤§` AvKei, †gvnv¤§` iwdDwÏb, †kievR, †kLmv`x, gynv¤§` Ave`yi iv¾vK cÖgyL|
1757 mv‡ji cjvkx wech©‡qi ci †_‡K my‡e evsjv g~jZ P‡j hvq Bs‡iR AwaKv‡i| GB 1757 n‡Z 1857 ch©šÍ kZ eQiKvj g~jZ gymjgvb‡`i jvÃbv Avi eÂbvi Kvwnbx| G mgq gymjgvb‡`i cÖwZ AwePv‡ii mxgv wQj bv| GgZve¯’vq gymwjg Kwe-mvwnwZ¨K‡`i Kve¨PP©vi KZv‡Zv wPšÍvB Kiv hvq bv| GZ`m‡Ë¡I GmgqKvi gymjgvbiv G‡Kev‡i wbwðó wQ‡jb bv| GmgqKvi KwZcq Kweiv n‡jbt Avjx †iRv, gynv¤§` †iRv, gynv¤§` Avjx, gynv¤§` gKxg, gynv¤§` KvwmK, ˆmq` byiæwÏb, iwngy‡bœmv, Kwe Pyni, ˆmq` nvgRv, Kwe nvwg`yjøvn cÖgyL|
cieZx©‡Z AviI A‡bK cÖw_Zh_v gymwjg Kwe I mvwnwZ¨K evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨‡K mg„× n‡Z mg„×kvjx K‡i‡Qb| G‡`i g‡a¨ gxi †gvkviid †nv‡mb, Kvq‡Kvev`, †kL Avãyi iwng, Kwe `v` Avjx, gyÝx †g‡niæjøvn, Avãyj Kwig mvwnZ¨ wekvi`, Kwe gyRv‡¤§j nK, †gŠjfx wiqvRywÏb, gvIjvbv gwbiæ¾vgvb Bmjvgvev`x, †gŠjfx †givRywÏb Avng`, gyÝx RwgiæDwÏb we`¨vwe‡bv`, Wvt Aveyj †nv‡mb, ZmwjgywÏb Avng`, Kwe AviRyg›` Avjx, †gŠjbv AveŸvm Avjx, †gvnv¤§` nvwg` Avjx, Kwe Avey gvÕjx, gvIjvbv iæûj Avgxb, Avãyj nvwg` Lvb BDmyd Rvix, †gŠjfx bCgywÏb, gvIjvbv AvKivg Luv, †kL dRjyj Kwig, Kwe BmgvBj †nv‡mb wmivRx, Beªvwng Luv, †gŠjfx L›`Kvi kvgmywÏb Avng`, KvRx Bg`v`yj nK, bIqve dqRy‡bœmv †PŠayivbx, W±i †gvnv¤§` knx`yjøvn, Kwe †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv, W. Bbvgyj nK, Wvt jyrdi ingvb, †gvnv¤§` eiKZzjøvn, GqvKze Avjx †PŠayix, KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb, Kwe diiæL Avng`, Kwe RmxgD`&`xb, Aveyj Kvjvg kvgmywÏb, †kL nvweeyi ingvb, Gm Iqv‡R` Avjx, †kL †gvnv¤§` B`ªxm Avjx, gynv¤§` Iqv‡R` Avjx, gvneyeyj Avjg, KvRx AvKivg †nv‡mb, Aveyj †nv‡mb, Aveyj gbmyi Avng`, dRjyi ingvb †PŠayix, m‡e©vcwi KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg-Gi bvg mwe‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Gme Kwe-mvwnwZ¨K gymwjg HwZn¨ Ges ZvnRxe- ZgÏy‡bi mvg_©K Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i iwPZ mvwn‡Z¨|
Gme cÖw_Zhkv mvwnwZ¨K ej‡qi evB‡i AviI A‡bK Av‡jg, Djvgv‡q †Kivg gvZ…fvlv PP©v I msiÿ‡Y A‡bK Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb| g~jZ gvZ…fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i cÖwZ imyj (mvt)-Gi ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vbB G‡`i‡K mvwnZ¨ PP©vq DrmvwnZ K‡i‡Q|
Giv Rvb‡Zb Bgvg Mv¾vjx, nvwiix, ZvewiRx, iægx, wbRvgx, Rvgx, †di‡`Šmx, nvwj, nvwdR, AvËvi, ˆLqvg ¯^xq gvZ…fvlvq Bmjvgx mvwnZ¨ m„wó K‡i mviv wek¦‡K Awff‚Z K‡i‡Qb| G‡ÿ‡Î evsjvi Djvgv‡q †Kiv‡gi Ae`vbI Kg bq| gvIjvbv AvKig Luv, gvIjvbv gwbiæ¾vgvb, Bmjvgvev`x (i.), gvIjvbv iûj Avgxb (in.), gvIjvbv Avng` Avjx (i.) gvIjvbv Avãyjøvwnj evKx (i.), gvIjvbv AvRv` (i.), gvIjvbv Avng` mvB` (i.), gvIjvbv Ave`yi iwng (i.), gvIjvbv Rvdi Avjx Luv (i.), gvIjvbv Lvqiæj Avbvg Luv (i.) cÖgy‡Li Ae`vb G‡ÿ‡Î ¯§iY‡hvM¨|
G‡`i QvovI evsjv fvlvq Bmjvgx mvwn‡Z¨i we¯Í„wZ‡K AviI Qwo‡q †`qvi AwfcÖv‡q hviv mvwnZ¨ PP©vq wb‡R‡`i wb‡qvwRZ K‡i‡Qb Zb¥‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Av‡jgMY n‡jb gvIjvbv kvgmyj nK dwi`cyix (in.), gvIjvbv wmwÏK Avng` (in.), gvIjvbv Ave`yj gRx` Luv (in.), gvIjvbv †gv¯ÍvwdRyi (in.) cÖgyL|
dzidziv kix‡di cxi nhiZ gvIjvbv kvn mydx Avey eKi wmwÏKx (int) gvZ…fvlvq Bmjvg cÖPv‡i ewjô f‚wgKv cvjb K‡ib| wZwb Zuvi my`xN© Rxe‡b eû msev`c‡Îi c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| kwl©bvi cxi nhiZ gvIjvbv †bmviDwÏb Avng` evsjvfvlvq Bmjvgx MÖš’ cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ Av‡jg mgvR‡K we‡klfv‡e AbycÖvYxZ K‡ib| Zvi mnKgx© gvIjvbv Bg`v` Avjxi f‚wgKvI G‡ÿ‡Î D‡jøL‡hvM¨| gvIjvbv byi gynv¤§` AvRgx (in.) gvZ…fvlvq eû Bmjvgx MÖš’ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| GQvovI gvIjvbv AvZvDi ingvb Lvb (mv‡eK msm` m`m¨) I gvIjvbv dwi`DwÏb gvmD` (BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb), gvIjvbv AvZ&nvi Avjx evsjv fvlvq GKvwaK Bmjvgx cy¯Í‡Ki AvÄvg w`‡q‡Qb| GB ZvwjKv AviI A‡bK `xN© Kiv hvq| cÖe‡ÜiK‡jei eo n‡q hvevi AvksKvq GB †jvf mseiY Kijvg| me‡k‡l ejv hvq, RvwZ‡K Bmjvgx †PZbvq DØy× Ki‡Z n‡j RvwZi †evaMg¨ gvZ…fvlvi gva¨‡g AvgRbZvi mvg‡b Bmjvgx welqvejx Zz‡j ai‡Z n‡e| c~‡e© Kw_Z Av‡jg‡`i Kvh©µ‡gi wmjwmjv Rvwi ivLvi `vwqZ¡ Avgv‡`i mK‡ji| Avgiv †hb Avgv‡`i GB Av`k© n‡Z wePy¨Z bv nB| Avjøvn Avgv‡`i mKj‡K †ZŠwdK w`b| g Avgxb
KziAvb msKj‡b nhiZ Dmgvb (ivt)
†gvnv¤§` BqvwQb AvivdvZ
cweÎ KziAvb me©‡kªô I me©‡kl Avmgvbx MÖš’| ivm~j (mt)-Gi beyqZx Rxe‡bi me©‡kªô AjsKvi KziAvb wKqvgZ ch©šÍ wek¦gvbeZv‡K mZ¨vkªqx Rxe‡bi w`K-wb‡`©kbv w`‡q hv‡e| G KziAvb AeZi‡Yi cÖ_g w`b n‡Z c„w_exi me©‡kl w`b ch©šÍ GUv _vK‡e AweK…Z| †Kbbv Gi `vq-`vwqZ¡ ¯^qs Avjøvn Zvqvjv MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|
nhiZ Dmgvb (ivt)-Gi mg‡q K¡vix I mvnvex‡`i msL¨v `ªæZ Kg‡Z _v‡K| A‡b‡KB B‡šÍKvj K‡ib| G mgq nhiZ ûhvBdv Bebyj Bqvgvb (ivt) hy× Dcj‡ÿ AvhvievBRvb I Avi‡gwbqv Mgb K‡ib| †mLv‡b wZwb BivK I wmwiqvevmx‡`i g‡a¨ KziAvb cv‡V D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖv_©K¨ †`L‡Z cvb| c‡i wZwb g`xbvq wd‡i G‡m Dmgvb (ivt)-Gi wbKU KziAvb cv‡Vi cv_©K¨ I wewfbœ A‡j KziAv‡bi cvÛzwjwci ¯^íZv I `y®úªvc¨Zv m¤ú‡K© `„wó AvKl©Y K‡ib| wZwb Ljxdv‡K e‡jb, c~e©eZx© Avmgvbx wKZvemg~‡ni b¨vq KziAv‡bI i`e`j †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| Bû`x-Lªxóvb‡`i gZ gymjgvbMYI weåvwšÍ I gZ‡f‡`i wkKvi n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB KziAv‡bi Abywjwc ˆZwii e¨vcv‡i LyeB mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv DwPZ|
nhiZ Dmgvb (ivt) ûhvBdv Bebyj Bqvgv‡bi DcwiD³ cÖ¯Ív‡ei ¸iæZ¡ we‡ePbv K‡i wewkó mvnvex‡`i mv‡_ civgk© Kivi Rb¨ mfv AvnŸvb K‡ib| nhiZ Dmgvb (ivt) Zuv‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ e‡jb, Avwg ïb‡Z †c‡qwQ †h, GK †kªYxi †jvK Ab¨‡`i‡K ïwb‡q e‡j †h, Avgv‡`i †KivZ †Zvgv‡`i †P‡q DËg Ges me‡P‡q ï×| A_P G ai‡bi K_v Kzdzwii w`‡K avweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| myZivs G mgm¨v mgvav‡bi e¨vcv‡i Avcbv‡`i AwfgZ wK?
mvnvexMY e‡jb, Avcwb G e¨vcv‡i wK wPšÍvfvebv K‡i‡Qb? nhiZ Dmgvb (ivt) e‡jb, ÔAvgvi cÖ¯Íve n‡”Q, mKj ï× eY©bv GKÎ K‡i GKwU me©m¤§Z gvmnvd cÖ¯‘Z Kiv Acwinvh©| hv‡Z †KivZ c×wZi g‡a¨ †Kvb gZ‡f‡`i m¤¢vebv bv _v‡K| mvnvexMY me©m¤§Zfv‡e nhiZ Dmgv‡bi H AwfgZ mg_©b K‡ib| G e¨vcv‡i mvwgMÖKfv‡e mn‡hvwMZv Kivi Rb¨ Zviv Aw½Kvi K‡ib| Zvici nhiZ Dmgvb ivt mKj fvlvfvlx gymjgvb‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ GK Riæix fvlY`vb K‡ib| fvl‡Y wZwb e‡jb, Avcbviv g`xbv‡Z Avgvi Kv‡Q hviv Av‡QbÐZvivI KziAvb kixd cv‡Vi e¨vcv‡i G‡K Aci‡K †`vlv‡ivc I gZwe‡iva K‡ib| G‡ZB eySv hvq, hviv Avgvi †_‡K eû `~i `~iv‡šÍ emevm Ki‡Qb Zviv G e¨vcv‡i Av‡iv †ewk weåvwšÍ‡Z i‡q‡Qb| Kv‡RB Avmyb, Avgiv mK‡j wg‡j KziAvb gRx‡`i Ggb GKwU gvmnvd cÖ¯‘Z Kwi, hv‡Z Kv‡iv c‡ÿ †Kvb gZ‡f` Kivi †Kvb AeKvk bv _v‡K Ges mK‡ji c‡ÿ Zv AbymiY Kiv Acwinvh© e‡j we‡ewPZ nq|
†MvUv gymwjg D¤§vn nhiZ Dmgvb (ivt) Gi gnZx D‡`¨vM‡K ¯^vMZ Rvbvb Ges m‡e©vZfv‡e mn‡hvwMZv K‡ib| Lwjdv nhiZ Dmgvb (ivt) K‡qKRb wewkó mvnvexÐhviv ivm~j (mt) Ges cÖ_g Lwjdvi mg‡q Anx wjLb I msKjb Kwgk‡bi m`m¨ wQ‡jb, Zuv‡`i mgš^‡q hv‡q` Be‡b mv‡e‡Zi ZË¡veav‡b GKwU ms¯’v MVb K‡ib| G ms¯’v‡K KwZcq g~jbxwZi wfwˇZ KziAv‡bi Awfbœ I weï× msKjb ˆZwi Ki‡Z ejv nq| cÖv_wgKfv‡e G ms¯’vi PviRb m`m¨ wQ‡jb, Zviv n‡jbÐ1. hv‡q` Be‡b mv‡eZ (ivt), 2. Avãyjøvn Be‡b †hvev‡qi (ivt), 3. Avãyi ingvb Be‡b nvwim Be‡b wnkvg (ivt), 4. mv` Be‡b Avwej Avm (ivt)|
nhiZ Dmgvb (ivt) D¤§~j gywgbxb nhiZ nvdmv (ivt)-Gi Kv‡Q iwÿZ Avey eKi (ivt)-Gi mgqKvi ÔKziAv‡bi g~j cvÛzwjwc †P‡q Av‡bb, G cvÛzwjwc AbymiY K‡i bZzb cvÛzwjwc ˆZwii Rb¨ wb‡`©k `vb K‡ib, KziAvbyj Kvix‡gi wjLb I cVb c×wZ‡Z gZcv_©K¨ m„wó n‡j KzivBkx ixwZ‡Z †jLvi civgk© †`b| †Kbbv cweÎ KziAvb KzivBkx fvlvqB AeZxY© n‡qwQj|
KziAvb msKj‡b G ms¯’vi g~jbxwZ wQjÐ
1. cÖ_g Ljxdv nhiZ Avey eKi (ivt)-Gi Avg‡ji g~j cvÛzwjwci AbyKi‡Y m~ivi µgvbymv‡i GKB gvmnv‡d mwbœ‡ekb| †Kbbv H cvÛzwjwc‡Z cÖ‡Z¨KwU m~iv wfbœ wfbœ bymLvq wjwLZ wQj|
2. GKB cVb c×wZ‡Z KziAv‡bi ÔgvmnvdÕ cÖ¯‘Z K‡ib|
3. KziAv‡bi me©m¤§Z I cÖvgvY¨ g~j cvÛzwjwci Abywjwc ˆZwi K‡i cÖv‡`wkK Mfb©i‡`i Kv‡Q †cÖiY Kiv nq| AZtci Gi AbymiY Kivi Rb¨ miKvwifv‡e wb‡`©k Rvwi Kiv nq|
4. nhiZ Avey eKi (ivt)-Gi mg‡qi g~j cvÛzwjwcLvwbI cybt cixÿv-wbixÿv Ges hvPvB- evQvB K‡i †`Lv nq|
5. g~j cvÛzwjwc †i‡L evwK hvi Kv‡QB KziAv‡bi †h Ask ev cvÛzwjwc wQj, Zv Zje K‡i †bqv nq| AwaKZi mZK©Zvi Rb¨ Zv Av¸‡b cywo‡q †`qv nq|
Gfv‡eB KziAvb gvRx` Z…Zxq Lwjdv nhiZ Dmgvb (ivt)-Gi cÖZ¨ÿ ZË¡veav‡b msKwjZ nq| Zuvi G ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`v‡bi ¯^xK…wZ¯^iƒc gymwjg Rvnvb Zv‡K ÔRvwgDj KziAvbÕ ev KziAvb msKjbKvix Dcvwa‡Z f‚wlZ K‡ib|
Avjøvni weavb AjsNbxq

†gvnv¤§` jyrdi ingvb Be‡b BDmyd
gvbyl m„wói ci gnvb AvjøvnZvAvjv Ab¨me m„wó‡K Zvi Kj¨v‡Y w‡bqvwRZ nIqvi Av‡`k †`b| gvbeRvwZi Avw` wcZv nhiZ Av`g (Avt)‡K m„wó K‡i †d‡ikZv‡`i Zuv‡K m¤§vb Rvbv‡Z wb‡`©k `vb K‡ib Ges gvbyl‡K wPiw`‡bi Rb¨ m¤§v‡bi w`K w`‡q †d‡ikZv‡`i E‡aŸ© iv‡Lb|
AZtci gvbeRvwZi cÖwZ gnvb AvjøvnZvÕAvjv Ggb GK wb‡`©k `vb K‡ib †h, hviv Avgvi weavb (AvBb-Kvbyb) †g‡b Pj‡e, c„w_ex‡Z Zv‡`i †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `ytL-Kó I AkvwšÍ n‡e bv| G m¤ú‡K© gnvb Avjøvn iveŸyj Avjvgxb e‡jb, ÔAZtci hLb Avgvi cÿ †_‡K †Zvgv‡`i wbKU †Kv‡bv †n`v‡qZ (c_ wb‡`©kbv) Avm‡e, ZLb hviv Avgvi †n`v‡qZ gZ Pj‡e Zv‡`i †Kv‡bv fq †bB Ges Zviv `ytwLZ n‡e bv|Õ (m~iv evKviv-38)
Dc‡ivwjøwLZ Avqv‡Zi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z gnvb AvjøvnZvAvjv Zuvi gnvMÖš’ Avj KziAv‡b gvbeRvwZi Pjvi c‡_, †`k I RvwZi cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ AmsL¨ AvqvZ Zv‡`i w`K-wb‡`©kbv ¯^iƒc AeZxY© K‡i‡Qb| hviv gnvb Avjøvni GBme wb‡`©kbv †g‡b Pj‡e, Zv‡`i Pjvi c‡_ †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `ytL-Kó I hvZbv †fvM Ki‡Z n‡e bv|
we‡k¦ kvwšÍi cÖqv‡m gnvb iveŸyj Avjvgxb Zuvi gnvb evYxmg~‡n wb‡`©k w`‡”Qb †h, †Zvgiv mZ¨‡K wg_¨vi mv‡_ mswgkªY K‡iv bv Ges †R‡b-ï‡b mZ¨ †Mvcb K‡iv bv| (m~iv evKviv-42)
Ges †Zvgiv G‡K-A‡b¨i ab m¤ú` Ab¨vqfv‡e MÖvm K‡iv bv Ges gvby‡li ab m¤ú‡`i wKq`sk †R‡b-ï‡b Ab¨vqfv‡e MÖvm Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ wePviKMY‡K Dr‡KvP (Nyl) w`I bv| (evKviv-188) †Zvgiv webxZfv‡e I †Mvc‡b †Zvgv‡`i cÖwZcvjK‡K Wv‡Kv, wZwb mxgvjsNbKvix‡`i cQ›` K‡ib bv| c„w_ex‡Z kvwšÍ ¯’vc‡bi ci I‡Z †Zvgiv wek„sLjv m„wó K‡iv bv| Zv‡K (Avjøvn‡K) fq I Avkvi m‡½ Wv‡Kv| wbðqB Avjøvni AbyMÖn mrKg© civqY‡`i wbKUeZx©|Õ (m~iv AvÕivd-55-56) ÔAvjøvn hv †Zvgv‡K w`‡q‡Qb Zv w`‡q ciKv‡ji Kj¨vY mÜvb Ki| BnKv‡j †Zvgvi ˆea m‡¤¢vM‡K Zzwg D‡cÿv K‡i bv| Zzwg m`vkq nI, †hgb Avjøvn †Zvgvi cÖwZ m`vkq Ges c„w_ex‡Z wek„sLjv m„wó Ki‡Z †P‡qv bv| Avjøvn Aek¨B wek„sLjv m„wóKvix‡`i‡K fvjev‡mb bv| (m~iv Kvmvm-77) we‡k¦ kvwšÍ I k„sLjv Avbq‡b gnvb Avjøvn ZvAvjvi GBme wb‡`©wkZ wb‡`©kbvejx ev¯Íevqb e¨wZZ Gi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| Avi hviv GB wb‡`©kbvejx ev¯ÍevwqZ Ki‡e, Zv‡`i n‡Z n‡e PwiÎevb Ges mKj cÖKvi mr ¸‡Yi AwaKvix| †hgb, mZ¨ev`x, mrKg©kxj, D`vi, mnbkxj, webqx, c‡ivcKvix, †`kwcÖq, gvbe`i`x, AvZ¥Z¨vMx, wb‡j©vf, wbinsKvi, b¨vq wePviK, b¨v‡qi cÖwZôvKvix Ges Ab¨v‡q evav cÖ`vbKvix| Z‡eB †Zv c„w_ex‡Z kvwšÍ-k„sLjv weivR Ki‡e Ges gvbeRvwZ mKj cÖKvi `y‡h©vM, `yN©Ubv I `yf©vebv †_‡K gy³ n‡e|
we‡k¦ b¨vq Ab¨v‡qi NUbv‡K †K›`ª K‡i eû †`k I RvwZ AvR aŸs‡mi c‡_ P‡j‡Q| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK mym¤ú‡K©i, b¨vq wePv‡ii Ges mwVK mg‡q, mwVK wm×v‡šÍi Afve cwijwÿZ n‡”Q| Zv‡`i e¨w³ ¯^v_©, ¯^RbcÖxwZ, `jxq ¯^v_©iÿv, D”Pc‡` mgvmxb †_‡K †`‡ki mKj cÖKvi m¤ú‡`i AvZ¥mvr I jyÈb, ¯^xq `vwq‡Z¡ Ae‡njv, bv‡g †ebv‡g miKvix UvKv AvZ¥mvr K‡i, wekvj wekvj AÆvwjKv ¯’vcb Kiv Ges e¨emvqx gn‡ji e¨emv evwY‡R¨ AmvgÄm¨ gybvdvjv‡fi `ybx©wZi d‡j c„w_ex‡Z eû iK‡gi Îvm I wek„sLjvi m„wó n‡”Q| A_P wek¦evmxi cÖwZ gnvb Avjøvn iveŸyj Avjvgx‡bi wb‡`©kÐÔAvjøvn Aek¨B b¨vq civqYZv, m`vPiY I AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb‡K `v‡bi wb‡`©k †`b Ges wZwb AkøxjZv, AmrKvh© I mxgvjsNb wb‡la K‡ib| wZwb †Zvgv‡`i Dc‡`k †`b hv‡Z †Zvgiv wkÿv MÖnY K‡iv| †Zvgiv Avjøvni
bv‡g A½xKvi Ki‡j (Iqv`v) A½xKvi c~Y© K‡iv Ges †Zvgiv Avjøvn‡K †Zvgv‡`i Rvwgb K‡i cÖwZÁv `„p Kivi ci Zv f½ K‡iv bv| Aek¨B Avjøvn †Zvgiv hv K‡iv Zv Rv‡bb| †Zvgv‡`i wbKU hv Av‡Q Zv _vK‡e bv Ges Avjøvni wbKU hv Av‡Q Zv ¯’vqx _vK‡e| hviv ˆah©kxj Avjøvn wbðqB Zv‡`i K‡g©i †kªô cyi¯‹vi Zv‡`i `vb Ki‡eb| wek¦vmx n‡q cyiæl I bvixi g‡a¨ †h †KD mr Kg© Ki‡e Zv‡K Avwg Aek¨B Avb›`c~Y© Rxeb `vb Ki‡ev Ges Zv‡`i K‡g©i †kªô cyi¯‹vi Zv‡`i `vb Ki‡ev| hviv mveavbZv Aej¤^b K‡i Ges hviv mrKg©civqY, Avjøvn Aek¨B Zv‡`i m‡½ Av‡Qb| (m~iv bvnj-90, 91, 96, 97 I 128 AvqvZ)|
mg‡qi †cÖÿvc‡U gnvb Avjøvn ZvAvjvi wb‡`©wkZ Dc‡iv‡jøvwLZ AvqvZ¸‡jvi gg©v_© LyeB hyMvšÍKvix Av‡jvPbv| Av‡jvP¨ beŸBZg Avqv‡Z Avjøvn ZvAvjv wZbwU wel‡qi Av‡`k w`‡q‡Qbt mywePvi (Av`j), AbyMÖn m`vPi‡Yi gva¨‡g Ges AvZ¥xq‡`i cÖwZ AbyMÖn| cÿvšÍ‡i wZb cÖKvi KvR Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qbt AkøxjZv, hveZxq g›` KvR Ges Ryjyg I Drcxob| mywePv‡ii Afv‡e A‡bK RvwZ I †`k aŸsm n‡q‡Q| G m¤ú‡K© gnvbex (mvt) Gi GKwU nv`xm LyeB cÖwYavb‡hvM¨| nhiZ eix`vn (ivt) n‡Z ewY©Z| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, bex Kixg (mvt) Bikv` K‡i‡Qb, wZb cÖKvi wePviK i‡q‡Q| Zb¥‡a¨ GKRb gvÎ †e‡nk‡Z †h‡Z cvi‡e| Aci `yÕRb Rvnvbœv‡g †h‡Z eva¨ n‡e| †h wePviK †e‡nk‡Z hv‡e †m Ggb e¨w³, †h cÖK…Z mZ¨‡K Rvb‡Z †c‡i‡Q, AZtci Z`byhvqx wePvi I dqmvjv K‡i‡Q| †h e¨w³ cÖK…Z mZ¨‡K Rvb‡Z †c‡iI dqmvjv Kievi e¨vcv‡i AwePvi I Ryjyg K‡i‡Q, †m Rvnvbœv‡g hv‡e| Avi †h e¨w³ AÁZv m‡Ë¡I RbM‡Yi R‡b¨ wePvi dqmvjv K‡i‡Q, †mI Rvnvbœvgx n‡e| (Avey `vD`, Be‡b gvRvn)
Avjøvni Av‡`kK…Z Aci K_v n‡&Q Bnmvb A_©vr gvby‡li mv‡_ my›`i AvPiY Kiv| Bnmvb `yÕcÖKvi| GK. Kg©, PwiÎ I Af¨vm‡K my›`i Kiv| `yB. †Kvb e¨w³i mv‡_ fvj e¨envi I DËg AvPiY Kiv| cÖwm×, Ônv`xm wReivB‡jÕ ¯^qs ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) Bnmv‡bi †h A_© eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, Zv n‡”Q Bev`‡Zi Bnmvb| Gi mvigg© GB †h, Avjøvni Bev`Z Gfv‡e Kiv `iKvi, †hb Zzwg Zuv‡K †`L‡Z cv”Q| we‡kl K‡i bvgv‡Ri g‡a¨ Gfve cÖKvk Kivi K_v G‡m‡Q| Avjøvn ZvAvjvi Z…Zxq Av‡`kwU n‡”Q, AvZ¥xq‡K Zvi cÖvc¨ `vb Kiv| AvZ¥xq‡K Zvi cÖvc¨ w`‡q w`‡Z n‡e| A_© w`‡q Avw_©K †mev Kiv, ˆ`wnK †mev Kiv, Amy¯’ n‡j †`Lvïbv Kiv, †gŠwLK mvšÍ¡bv I gnvbyf‚wZ cÖKvk Kiv| D‡jøwLZ Avqv‡Z bxwZevPK ev wb‡lavÁvi wZbwU K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| A_©vr Avjøvn AkøxjZv, Amr Kg© I mxgv jsNb Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb| cÖKvk¨ g›`Kg© A_ev K_v‡K AkøxjZv ejv nq, hv‡K cÖ‡Z¨‡KB g›` g‡b K‡i| gybKvi Z_v Amr Kg© Ggb K_v A_ev KvR‡K ejv nq hv nvivg I A‰ea nIqvi e¨vcv‡i kixqZwe`MY GKgZ| Avjøvn ZvAvjv mxgv jsNb Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb| mxgv jsNb A‡_© Ryjyg I Drcxob eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †Kb bv, Ryjyg LyeB RNb¨Zg cvc| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡jb, Ryjyg e¨ZxZ Ggb †Kvb †Mvbvn †bB hvi wewbgqI kvw¯Í `ªæZ †`qv n‡e| G‡Z †evSv hvq †h, Ryjy‡gi Kvi‡Y ciKvjxb kvw¯Í K‡Vvi †Zv n‡eB Gi c~‡e© `ywbqv‡Z I Avjøvn Zv Avjv Rv‡jg‡K kvw¯Í †`b| hw`I †m eyS‡Z cv‡i bv †h, GUv AgyK Ryjy‡gi kvw¯Í| Avjøvn ZvAvjv gRjy‡gi mvnvh¨ KiviI A½xKvi K‡i‡Qb| c„w_ex‡Z Avjøvni weavb jsNbxq| mZ¨‡K mZ¨ ejv Ges wg_¨v‡K cwinvi Kiv diR| b¨v‡qi cÖwZôv Ges Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZev` KivI Aek¨ KZ©e¨| GB hw` gvbe Rxe‡b ev¯ÍevwqZ nq, Z‡e c„w_ex‡Z Kv‡iv Rxe‡b `ytL Kó I wPšÍv-fvebv _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| mrKgx©kxj‡`i Rb¨ Avjøvn ZvAvjv cyi¯‹viI †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| gnvb Avjøvn ZvAvjv e‡jb, wbðqB hviv Cgvb Av‡b I mrKg© K‡i Zv‡`i Avc¨vq‡bi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q RvbœvZzj †di`vDm, †mLv‡b Zviv wPi¯’vqx n‡e| (m~iv Kvn&d-107 AvqvZ) wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb, †h mrKg© K‡i, †m wb‡Ri Kj¨v‡Yi R‡b¨B Zv K‡i Ges †h g›` KvR K‡i Zvi kvw¯Í †mB †fvM Ki‡e| (m~iv nv gxg mvR`v-46) †n gnvb iveŸyj Avjvgxb, †`‡ki mKj †kªYxi †jvK‡`i b¨vq wePv‡i DØy× n‡q, Ab¨vq I AmrKg© †_‡K weiZ †_‡K RvwZ‡K my›`i I myôzfv‡e M‡o †Zvjv I cwiPvjbvi kw³ mvg_©¨ I mvnmx f‚wgKv cvjb Kivi B”Qv kw³`vb Kiæb| Avgxb|
gvbexq ¸Yvejx Ges ga¨cš’v
gynv¤§` bvRxeyjøvn
m~iv evKviv 143bs Avqv‡Z Avjøvn e‡jb, AKvhvwjKv RvAvj bv Kzg D¤§vZuvI IqvmvZvt| A_©, ÒGgwbfv‡e Avwg †Zvgv‡`i (gymjgvb‡`i) †K ga¨cš’x m¤úª`vq K‡iwQt|Ó
Ôga¨cš’xÓ ev Òga¨eZx©Ó k‡ãi A_© PgrKvi Òfvimvg¨wewkóÓ| gvby‡li g‡a¨ Avjøvn& 4wU cÖavb ¸Y m„wó K‡i‡QbÐ1. Ávb kw³, 2. †µva kw³, 3. Kvgbv kw³, 4. we‡eK ev wePvi kw³| †jvf, †gvn, wnsmv, we‡Øl, msKxY©Zv, cikªxKvZiZv, cÖwZwnsmv civqYZv BZ¨vw` Kz-wicymg~n Ges `qv, gvqv-†mœn-ggZv, c‡ivcKvwiZv, `vbkxjZv, D`viZv, ÿgvkxjZv BZ¨vw` gnr ¸Yvejx g~jZ: IB 4wU ¸Y n‡ZB ¯Íi‡f‡` gvbePwi‡Î †`Lv †`q| gvby‡li mywkÿv, m½ cÖfve Ges cÖ‡qvM‡f‡` D³ 4wU Òkw³iÓ cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡Z 3wU K‡i ¯Íi m„wó nq h_vt- K. EaŸ©gvÎvi mxgv AwZµgKvix, L. gva¨ggvÎv, M. wbgœw`K mxgv AwZµgKvix|
Ávb kw³ : K. AcwikxwjZ gvbeÁvb EaŸ©w`‡K mxgvjsNb Ki‡j †m Ávb-eyw×i h‡_”Q ev Ace¨envi K‡i| PvjvwK, e¾vwZ, a~Z©Zv, PvjevwR, `~iÜiZv, PµvšÍ, lohš¿ BZ¨vw` Zvi Pwi‡Î dz‡U D‡V| Avjøvn& Ggb mxgvjsNb cQ›` K‡ib bv| mgv‡R GivB cwibv‡g Fkad _Yfajª LbvqK BZ¨vw` AvL¨v cvq| `ywbqv‡Z Avgiv hv‡K Aïf kw³ ewj, Gi g~Z© cÖZxK H Ávb cvcxMY|
L. hLb gvby‡li Ávb kw³ ga¨ewZ©Zvq Ae¯’vb †bq ZLb Zvi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv e¯‘ ev wel‡qi fvjg›` eySv, fvj‡K MÖnY I g›`‡K eR©b Kivi ÿgZv †`Lv †`q| ZLb Zvi Ávb-eyw× nq wnZKi, wmœ» I MÖnY‡hvM¨| Áv‡bi G ga¨eZx© Ae¯’vb †mŠ›`h©gq| gvbyl mr cwi‡e‡k Z`xq †Póv I Avjøvni LvQ ing‡Z hLb Áv‡bi ga¨eZx© Ae¯’v‡b w_Zz nq, ZLb †m K_vevZ©vq, mZ¨-wg_¨vq cv_©K¨ Ges Cgvb-AvwK`vq nK I evwZ‡ji g‡a¨ cÖ‡f` Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Z`bymv‡i wm×všÍ wb‡q Kg© m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i| G Ae¯’v‡b gvbyl wPšÍvkxj, mykxj I eyw×gvb nq| Zuvi ivq mwVK nq| wZwb cÖ‡Z¨K wel‡q h_vh_ Dcjwä Ki‡Z mÿg nb| ZLb Zuvi gv‡S †nKgZ I Ávb †mB mydj m„wó K‡i hv Avjøvn ZvÕAvjv cvK Kvjv‡g wbgœewY©Z Avqv‡Z e¨³ K‡i‡Qb, IguvBDZvj wnKgvZv dvKv` DwZqv Lvqivb Kvwmivt|
A_© Òhvi fv‡M¨ †nKgZ (ga¨eZx© Ávb kw³) Ry‡U‡Q Zv‡K (Avjøvn& KZ©„K) cÖf‚Z Kj¨vY `vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|Ó ev¯Í‡e mKj c~Y© AR©‡bi g~‡j GB ga¨eZx© ÒÁvb kw³Ó| G-B AšÍ‡ii ivRv|
M. hLb gvby‡li Ávb kw³ ga¨eZx© Ae¯’vb n‡Z wbgœ¯Í‡i †b‡g hvq (m½ †`v‡l, cov‡jLvi Afv‡e, Rb¥MZ n‡Z ev ¸iæZi †Kvb Amy‡L) ZLb †m nq †evKv, †eIKzd, gvÎvQvov †mvRv-mij cÖK…wZi| †m mn‡R cÖZvwiZ nq, †avKv Lvq|
†µva kw³: Gi ga¨ewZ©Zvi bvg exiZ¡ I gnË¡| exiZ¡ mK‡j cQ›` K‡i| †µva kw³ hLb ga¨eZx© ¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb †bq A_©vr me©`v wb‡Ri Z_v kwiq‡Zi wbqš¿‡Y _v‡K, ZLb †µva kw³, Ávb kw³ I kwiq‡Zi Bw½‡Z P‡j| ZLb Ò‡µvaÓ cÖwkÿYcÖvß I AbyMZ wkKvix KzKz‡ii b¨vq kixqZ Z_v Avjøvni ûKz‡gi wbKU bZkxi n‡q hvq| kwiqZ Zv‡K †h w`‡K Pvjvq, webv AvcwË I webv wØavq †m (†µva) †mw`‡KB avweZ nq Ges wkKv‡ii Dci AvµgY K‡i| hLb ÒÁvb kw³Ó I Òwe‡eKkw³Ó Zv‡K _vgv‡Z Bw½Z K‡i, †m ZrÿYvr †_‡g hvq Ges PycPvc wb‡Ri ¯’v‡b e‡m c‡o| GKUzI D”Pev”P K‡i bv|
Ò†µvakw³iÓ GB exiZ¡ gnË¡ Øviv D`viZv, e`vb¨Zv, ÿgvkxjZv, mvnwmKZv, Mv¤¢xh©Zv, ¯^wbf©iZv, bgbxqZv, `qv`ªZv, †mŠRb¨ Ges †µva `gb Kivi ÿgZv Z_v cÖ‡Z¨K Kv‡R `~i`wk©Zv I w¯’iZv cq`v nq| cÿvšÍ‡iÐ Ò‡µvakw³‡ZÓ hw` AvwaK¨ †`Lv †`q, Z‡e Ò‡µvaÓ n‡q D‡V AmyiZv, cvMjv‡gv, wÿßZv, Avùvjb, A`~i`wk©Zv, D‡ËRbv, An¼vi, AnwgKv, hvi cwiYvg n‡”Q AcgvbRbK aŸsm I wek„•Ljv| AviÐ Ò‡µvakw³‡ZÓ ¯^íZv †`Lv w`‡j fxiæZv, KvcyiælZv, Am¤§vb, AvZ¥gh©v`vnxbZv, nxbgb¨Zv, evrmj¨nxbZv, AvZ¥Møvwb †`Lv †`q| ZLb H e¨w³i g‡a¨ evjwLj¨Zv I PcjZv cÖKvk cvq|
Kvgbvkw³ : Gi ga¨ewZ©Zvi bvg mshg I cweÎZv| Kvgkw³ hLb ga¨ewZ©Zvq Ae¯’vb K‡i ZLb Zv Ávbkw³ I kwiq‡Zi Bw½‡Z Pj‡Z _v‡K Ges cÖwkÿYcÖvß I AbyMZ wkKvix KzKz‡ii b¨vq kwiq‡Zi Zuv‡e`vi n‡q hvq| ga¨eZx© Ae¯’v A_©vr mshg Avjøvncv‡Ki wbKU cQ›`bxq| Kvgkw³i ga¨ewZ©Zvq †h ¯^fve cq`v nq Zv‡K e`vb¨Zv, j¾v, ˆah©, A‡í-Zzwó Ges ci‡nhMvix ejv nq| cÿvšÍ‡i Kvgkw³ ga¨cš’vi EaŸ©w`‡K mxgv AwZµg Ki‡j H e¨w³i g‡a¨ al©Y, mxgvnxb †jvf-jvjmv †`Lv †`q| Avi wbgœmxgvq †b‡g †M‡j †jvf-wjÅv, †Lvkv‡gv`, †Zvlv‡gv`, PvUzKvwiZv, abevb‡`i c`‡jnb, nxbgb¨Zv, KvcyiælZv, wnsmv, wbj©¾Zv I `wi‡`ªi cÖwZ Zvw”Qj¨ BZ¨vw` e` ¸Yvejx cÖKvk cvq|
we‡eK ev wePvikw³t K. GB kw³i ga¨ewZ©Zv GB †h, †µvakw³ I Kvgkw³ Df‡qi jvMvg we‡eK wbR nv‡Z k³ K‡i a‡i iv‡L hv‡Z Zviv mxgvjsNb Ki‡Z bv cv‡i; eis Øxb I we‡e‡Ki Bkviv-Bw½‡Zi Aax‡b _v‡K|
L. we‡eK ev wePvikw³ hLb EaŸ©w`‡K mxgv AwZµg K‡i ZLb Zvi †Pv‡L we‡k¦i eûwKQy hyw³nxb g‡b nq| Zvi †fZi bvw¯ÍKZv‡eva cÖej n‡q D‡V| GK mgq ¯^qs Avjøvni Aw¯Í‡Z¡ mw›`nvb n‡q D‡V, Zuvi †cÖwiZ HkxevYx‡KB A¯^xKvi K‡i e‡m| G kw³i Avwa‡K¨ Zvi †fZi GK ai‡bi AnsKvi I AnwgKvi m„wó nq| cÖvPxbKv‡ji eû MÖxK `vk©wbK, ga¨hyM I AvaywbK hy‡Mi A‡bK `vk©wbK, gvK©mxq `k©b Z_v e¯‘ev‡` wek¦vmx `vk©wbKMY GB †kªYxfz³| †diAvDb, Kiæb, nvgvb, Avey jvnve, Avey †R‡nj Ges AvaywbKKv‡ji A‡bK Kwe-mvwnwZ¨K I I Auv‡Zj BZ¨vw` Gi cÖK…ó D`vniY
cÿvšÍ‡i we‡eK ev wePvikw³ hLb ga¨g gvÎv n‡Z wbgœw`‡K mxgvwZµg K‡i ZLb Zvi gv‡S ¯^v_©ciZv, cÿcvwZZ¡, nVKvwiZv, GK¸‡qwg, g~L©Zv BZ¨vw` cÖKvk cvq|
Ávbkw³ †hb kvmbKZ©v, Avi wePvikw³ Gi Kvh©wbe©vnK| †hw`‡K Ávbkw³i ûKzg cvq we‡eKkw³ †mw`‡K m‡½ m‡½ Szu‡K c‡o Ges kvm‡Ki Av‡`k Kvh©Ki K‡i| †µva I Kvgkw³ ûKzg Zvwgj K‡i K‡g© c~Y©Zv Av‡b| GB ÒPvikw³iÓ Ae¯’vb hLb ga¨ewZ©Zvq _v‡K ZLb gvby‡li PwiÎ my›`i Ges ¯^fve DrK…ó I cQ›`bxq n‡q _v‡K| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e D³ Pvi kw³i Rb¨ ga¨mxgv n‡Z Kg ev †ewk nIqv Dfq Ae¯’vq †mŠ›`h©nvwbKi| cvK-Kvjv‡g ÒImvZvÓ ej‡Z GB ga¨g cš’vi K_vB ejv n‡q‡Q| nv`x‡m Av‡Q,
ÒLvBiæj Dgy‡i AvDmvZznvt|Ó
Òga¨g cš’vB DËgÓ| Avjøvn e‡jb, ÒAvgvi (gywgb) ev›`vM‡Yi Ae¯’v GB †h, Zviv Ace¨qI K‡i bv, Avi K…cYZvI K‡i bv; eis Df‡qi ga¨eZx© Ae¯’vq _v‡KÓ|
Avgiv Kz wicy ej‡Z GK wbtk¦v‡m A‡bK mgq ÒKvg, †µva, †jvf, †gvn, wnsmv-we‡ØltÓ BZ¨vw`i m‡½ ÒKvg I †µvaÓ kw³Øq‡K Lviv‡ci KvZv‡i kvwgj Kwi| hw` †Kvb gvbyl ÒKvg kw³Ó k~b¨ nq Z‡e †m bcysmK I D‡`¨vMnxb n‡e| Zvi Øviv gnr wKQy AR©‡bi Avkv Kiv hvq bv| Aciw`‡K †Kvb gvbyl m¤ú~Y© Ò‡µvaÓ k~b¨ n‡j †m Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZev` Ki‡e wKfv‡e? wKfv‡e †m Rvwj‡gi weiæ‡× msMÖv‡g wjß n‡e? Kv‡RB wnsmv-we‡Øl BZ¨vw` Kz-wicyi m‡½ GB `yBwU wicy m¤ú~Y© cwiZ¨vR¨ bq eis Ávb I we‡eKkw³Øq Øviv ÒKvg I †µva‡KÓ Avjøvni weav‡bi Dci Lvov ivL‡Z nq| Avjøvn ZvAvjvi mKj m„wó gvbeZvi c~Y© DrK‡l©i Rb¨| Zuvi nv‡Z me wKQyB gnv Kj¨vYKi| Ávb I we‡e‡Ki Afv‡e, cÖ‡qvM‡f‡`, gvbylB mKj AKj¨vY m„wói †nvZv| hw`I mKj ÿgZvi Drm H Avjøvn ZvÕAvjvB| GKwU gvby‡li nvZ-cv eo-†QvU n‡j †hgb K`vKvi nq †Zgwb Zvi †fZ‡ii H 4wU kw³i †KvbwU‡Z evowZ NvUwZ _vK‡j Zvi PwiÎI me©v½xb my›`i nq bv|gvby‡li evwn¨K †mŠ›`‡h©i g‡a¨ †hgb †ek-Kg nq A_©vr †KD †ewk my›`i †KD Kg my›`i †Zgwb ev‡Zbx Z_v wfZ‡ii †mŠ›`‡h©i g‡a¨I gvbyl wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K| my›`iZg Pwi‡Îi AwaKvix wQ‡jb m`©v‡i `yRvnuv bex Kixg Qvjøvjøvû AvjvBwn Iqvmvjøvg| ¯^qs Avjøvn ZvAvjv cvK Kvjv‡g Zuvi cÖksmvq e‡j‡QbÐÒBbœvKv jv Avjv LyjywK¡b AvwhgÓ ÒwbðqB Avcwb gnr Pwi‡Îi AwaKvixÓ| bexRxi ci †h gymjgv‡bi PwiÎ bexRxi Pwi‡Îi mwnZ †h cwigvY mvgÄm¨c~Y© n‡e, †m gymjgvb‡K †m cwigvY my›`i Pwi‡Îi AwaKvix ejv n‡e| Avi GK_v ¯^Ztwm× †h, †fZiMZ Pwi‡Î †h gymjgv‡bi hZUzKz †mŠ›`h© nv‡Qj n‡e †m cwigvY Zvi cvi‡jŠwKK †mŠfvM¨ nv‡Qj n‡e|
kwiqZ k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© c_ ev iv¯Ív| cvwifvwlK A_© †KviAvb nv`xm I wdK&n †gvZv‡eK GKRb gywg‡bi ev‡jM nIqvi ci n‡Z g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ Pjvi Øxb Bmjv‡gi c_| kwiqZ Ggb my›`i wbLuyZ I mnRZg †h GKRb gvbyl Øx‡bi H kwiqZ wbweofv‡e AbymiY Ki‡j Zvi †fZ‡i H ÒPviwU kw³Ó ga¨ewZ©Zvq Ae¯’vb †b‡eB| Zuvi AvPvi-AvPiY, K_v-evZ©v I †gjv‡gkv, †jb‡`b e¨emv-evwYR¨, mvgvwRKZv BZ¨vw` AZ¨šÍ PgrKvi fvimvg¨c~Y© I me©Rbmgv`„Z n‡eB| GB Ae¯’v AR©b wbf©i K‡i ï× †bK wbq¨Z I mr cÖ‡Póv Avi Avjøvn ZvÕAvjvi gnvAbyMÖn| GB Pwi‡Îi cÖksmvB GB †jLvi ïiæ‡Z cvK Kvjv‡gi Avqv‡Z D‡jøL n‡q‡Q| Øxb Bmjv‡g G‡`i‡KB ejv nq ÒKv‡gj BbmvbÓ ev c~Y© gvbe| GivB Avjøvn& ZvÕAvjvi Lwjdv Z_v cÖwZwbwa| nv‡dR, gvIjvbv, Ijx, `i‡ek, ci‡nhMvi nIqv mnR| AZ:ci ÔZvRwKqvÕ AR©b K‡i Kv‡gj Bbmvb ev c~Y© gvbe nIqv my-KwVb| Qvnvev AvRgvBb (iv.) wcÖq bexRx Qvjøvjøvû AvjvB‡n Iqvmvjøv‡gi cvK †mvne‡Z cÖvq mK‡jB ÒKv‡gj BbmvbÓ n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb| AvR we‡k¦i cÖvq 150 †KvwU gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ ÒKv‡gj Bbmv‡biÓ msL¨v LyeB bMY¨| Avjøvn Avgv‡`i ga¨cš’x ÒD¤§ZÓ Z_v ÒKv‡gj BbmvbÓ Kiæb| Avwgb!
(m~Î: nvwKgyj D¤§yZ nhiZ gvIjvbv Avkivd Avj _vbfx (in.) iwPZ ÒkwiqZ I ZwiKZÓ MÖš’ Aej¤^‡b|)
†jLK: AwZwi³ mwPe Ae. MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi|
e¨emv-evwY‡R¨ Bmjvgx g~j¨‡eva
gynv¤§` Rwniæj Bmjvg
gvby‡li Rxeb Pvwj‡q †bqvi Rb¨ RxweKvi cÖ‡qvRb| Rxe‡bi PvB Rxe‡bvcKiY wiwhK Rxe‡bvcKi‡Yi ch©vß cÖvwß Rxeb‡K K‡i Dc‡fvM¨ I Q›`gq| cÿvšÍ‡i RxweKvi Ach©vßZv I AcÖZzjZv Rxeb‡K K‡i `ywe©ln| gvbyl wejvmx Rxe‡bi cÖZ¨vkx e‡jB Dc‡fvM¨ me iK‡gi wRwb‡mi †cQ‡b Zuvi wbišÍi Qy‡U Pjv| cvw_©e Rxe‡bi ev¯ÍeZvq GB Qy‡U Pjv‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv| Avi ZvB KziAvb nv`x‡m Z_v Bmjvgx Rxeb e¨e¯’vq G ev¯ÍeZv‡K ïay ¯^xKviB Kiv nqwb eis Rxe‡bvcKiY AR©‡bi Rb¨ me©vZ¥K cÖ‡Póv Ae¨vnZ ivLv‡K diR Bev`Z wnmv‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Z‡e RxweKv AR©‡bi G aviv‡K Bmjvg mywbw`©ó bxwZgvjv Øviv wbqš¿Y †hvM¨ K‡i w`‡q‡Q| Rxeb Avi RxweKvi Ave‡Z© gvbyl hv‡Z Zvi gvbweK ¸Yvejx wemR©b w`‡q Agvby‡l cwiYZ bv nq| Bmjv‡gi `vex n‡jv GKRb gymjgvb nvjvj wiwhK AR©‡bi R‡b¨ †hgb me©vZ¥K †Póv Pvjv‡e †Zgwb nvivg eR©‡bi R‡b¨I †m m`v mZK© _vK‡e| `ywbqvi G bk¦i Rxe‡b ÿwY‡Ki myL †fv‡Mi Rb¨ †m †Kvb µ‡gB AbšÍ AvwLiv‡Zi Rxeb‡K eiev` Ki‡e bv| Avi nvjvj wiwhK AR©‡bi Ab¨Zg gva¨g wnmv‡e e¨emv‡K Bmjvg DrmvwnZ K‡i‡Q| Avw¤^qv‡q †Kivg I mvj‡d mv‡jnxb‡`i A‡b‡KB e¨emv †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ †_‡K gvby‡li DcKvi K‡i‡Qb| Avgv‡`i bexRx (mvt) mr e¨emvqx‡`i knx`x gh©v`vq f‚wlZ K‡i Bikv` K‡ib, Õ†Kvb e¨w³ hLb Z¨vM ¯^xKvi K‡i mvIqve cÖvwßi Avkvq gymwjg Rbc‡` †Kvb cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨ Avg`vbx K‡i Ges b¨vh¨g~‡j¨ Zv weµq K‡i ZLb Avjøvni wbKU wZwb knx‡`i gh©v`v jvf K‡ib|Õ (Zvdmx‡i AvnKvgyj KziAvb, 19 LÛ, c„t 56)
cÿvšÍ‡i Bmjv‡g e¨emvwqK †ÿ‡Î Amvay cš’v Aej¤^‡bi c_ wPiZ‡i eÜ †NvlYvi ciI hviv Amvay cš’v Aej¤^‡bi †Póv K‡i Zv‡`i Rb¨ K‡Vvi kvw¯Íi K_v †NvwlZ n‡q‡Q| gnvbex (mvt) e‡jb, ÕwKqvg‡Zi w`b Amvay e¨emvqxiv ¸bvnMvi‡`i KvZv‡i DwÌZ n‡e|Õ (wZiwghx)| bexRx Av‡iv e‡jb, Õ†Kvb e¨w³ †jb-†`‡b n¯Í‡ÿ‡ci gva¨‡g `ªe¨g~j¨ e„w×i KviY NUv‡j wKqvg‡Zi w`b Avjøvn Zvqvjv Av¸‡bi nuv‡oi Dci Zv‡K ewm‡q kvw¯Í w`‡eb|Õ
gnvbexi Av‡iKwU nv`xm n‡jv Õ†h e¨w³ gymjgv‡bi Lvevi Pwjøk w`b gRy` K‡i g~j¨ e„w×i A‡cÿv K‡i Avjøvni mv‡_ Zvi †Kvb m¤úK© _vK‡e bv|Õ (Zeivbx, Avj gyÕRvg Avj AvImvZ, LÛ-8, c„t210)
GgbwK bexRx Amvay e¨emvqx‡`i G e‡jI mveavb K‡i w`‡q‡Qb †h, Õ†h e¨emvqx †auvKvevwR Ki‡e †m Avgvi D¤§Zfz³ bq|Õ (gymwjg)
Dc‡ivwjøwLZ nv`xm¸‡jv QvovI KziAvb I mybœvni AmsL¨ evYx Øviv e¨emvwqK AmvayZvi weiæ‡× K‡Vvi mZK©evYx D”PviY Kiv n‡q‡Q| G †_‡K eySv hvq †h, †PvivKvievix, gybvdv‡Lvix, gRy``vix, Kv‡jvevRvix, c‡Y¨ †fRvj †`qv, IR‡b KviPywc Kiv, bKj Kiv, †auvKv, cÖZviYv I VKevwRi Avkªq †bqv, `v‡g †n‡i‡di Kiv cÖf…wZ AmvayZvi c_ Bmjv‡g wbwl×| ïay Bmjv‡g †Kb †Kvb mr I mf¨ mgv‡R e¨emvwqK AmvayZv cÖkªq cvq bv| c„w_exi cÖvq mKj †`‡kB G¸‡jv RNb¨ Aciva|
GZ`m‡Ë¡I evsjv‡`‡ki wPÎ m¤ú~Y© wfbœ| G‡`‡k wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨vw`i `vg û û K‡i w`b w`b †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| `ªe¨ g~‡j¨i G EaŸ©MwZi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q A‡b‡KB Amvay e¨emvqx Pµ‡K `vqx K‡ib| KviY G †`‡k AwaK gybvdv AR©b e¨emvqx‡`i ¯^fveRv‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b K‡ib A‡b‡KB| gybvdv‡Lvi I Amr e¨emvqx †Kvb w`b bxwZ ˆbwZKZv w`‡q cwiPvwjZ nq bv| cÖZviYv, AmvayZv Ges †h †Kvb Dcv‡q gvbyl VwK‡q UvKv DcvR©b Kiv Zv‡`i GKgvÎ jÿ¨| Zv‡`i Kv‡Q Rb¯^v_©, MY¯^v¯’¨ Ges gvby‡li Rxeb G‡Kev‡i Zz”Q welq| A_P G‡`‡ki 90% e¨emvqx wb‡R‡`i gymjgvb e‡j cwiPq †`q| Zviv fz‡j †M‡Q Avgv‡`i ivm~‡ji e¨emvwqK mZZvi †mB KvwnbxÐhv n‡jv bexRx e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b wb‡RI e¨emvqx wQ‡jb| wZwb abvX¨ gwnjv Lvw`RvZzj Kzeivi (ivt) e¨emv mrfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Avj Avgxb Dcvwa jvf K‡iwQ‡jb, hv D¤§v‡Zi Rb¨ Abycg Av`k© ¯^iƒc| Zuv‡K AbymiY K‡iB Avgv‡`i mvg‡b Bgvg Avhg Avey nvwbdv (it) GK R¡jšÍ `„óvšÍ †i‡L †M‡Qb| Zvn‡jvÐ
Bgv‡g Avhg nhiZ Avey nvwbdv (it) GKRb eo gv‡ci e¯¿ e¨emvqx wQ‡jb| GKw`b wZwb Zuvi †`vKv‡bi Kg©Pvix‡`i GKUv Kvco †`wL‡q ej‡jb †mUv‡Z GKUv LyuZ i‡q‡Q| wewµi mg‡q †mUv †hb Aek¨B †µZv‡K †`Lv‡bv nq| w`b †k‡l wn‡me †bevi mg‡q wZwb Kg©Pvix‡`i wR‡Ám Ki‡jb H LyuZhy³ KvcowUI wewµ n‡q †M‡Q wK bv? Zviv nu¨v m~PK DËi w`j|
wZwb Rvb‡Z PvB‡jb Zviv LyuZUvi K_v D‡jøL K‡iwQj wK bv? Zviv wbiæËi iBj| nhiZ Avey nvwbdv (it) †m w`‡bi weµqjä mgy`q A_© `vb K‡i w`‡jb| Zuvi g‡b cÖkœÐLyuZhy³ KvcoUvi R‡b¨ †h DwPZ g~j¨ Av`vq Kiv n‡q‡Q †mB w`invg †Kvb¸‡jv? †h‡nZz †m¸‡jv wPwýZ Kivi my‡hvM †bB, ZvB m‡›`nhy³ Avq cvwievwiK Kv‡R jvwM‡q wZwb Cgvb I Avgj eiev` Ki‡Z Pvbwb| mwZ¨Kvi Bmjvgx †fv³vi ¯^iƒc †Zv GUvB| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki gymjgvb e¨emvqx‡`i KZRb ev G ai‡bi NUbv Rv‡bb? Rvb‡jI KZR‡b ev Zv gv‡bb?
Mfxi cwiZvc I `yt‡Li welq, Bmjvgx g~j¨‡eva weewR©Z †fvMwjÅv AvR gymjgvb‡`i Pig `ywbqvgyLx K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| †h †Kv‡bv GKRb gymjgvb; †m †Kg‡b AvZ¥¯^v_© PwiZv_© Kivi Rb¨ gvÎvwZwi³ gybvdv K‡i, evRv‡i wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨ mvgMÖxi K…wÎg msKU m„wó K‡i Zv ¸`vgRvZ K‡i iv‡L, GK b¤^‡ii K_v e‡j †fRvj wbgœgv‡bi gvj w`‡q cÖZviYv K‡i, AwaK gybvdv jv‡fi Avkvq wbwØ©avq Lv`¨ c‡Y¨ we‡ùviK `ªe¨, ÿwZKi †KwgK¨vj is I AiæwPKi Dcv`vb †gkvq! AvwLiv‡Zi PvB‡Z `ywbqv‡K AvuK‡o aivi Aïf cÖeYZv Zvi Cgv‡bi kw³‡K `ye©j K‡i †d‡j‡Q| ZvB GK`v †h wek¦ Zvi ekxf‚Z wQj AvR †mB B we‡k¦i ekxf‚Z n‡q c‡o‡Q| GB Aeÿq †_‡K DËiY cÖ‡qvRb| †m R‡b¨ `iKvi m‡PZb I mwµq D‡`¨vM| Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ Z_v GKRb gymjgv‡bi A_©‰bwZK RxebPviY m¤ú‡K© mg¨K Ávb AR©b Qvov Zv Am¤¢e| me‡P‡q eo e¨vcvi n‡jv Avgv‡`i e¨emvqx †kªYxi g‡a¨ G Abyf‚wZ RvMÖZ n‡Z n‡e †h, hw` Avgvi Kvi‡Y †Kvb gvbyl Kó cvq, Abvnv‡i Aa©vnv‡i _v‡K, Zvn‡j †m hw` Avjøvni Av`vj‡Z Avgv‡K GRb¨ Awfhy³ K‡i Zvn‡j Avwg Kx Reve w`e? G w`KUv we‡ePbv K‡i hw` Avgiv mrfv‡e e¨emv Kwi Zvn‡j nqZev `ªe¨g~‡j¨i cvMjv †Nvovi jvMvg †U‡b aiv m¤¢e| 0
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