The Daily Ittefaq - October 9, 2007

A‡±vei 09, 2007, g½jevi : Avwk¦b 24, 1414

Avc‡WU evsjv‡`k mgq ivZ 12:00

evsjvi MxwZc_

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g½j Kve¨we` Avï‡Zvl fUªvPh© Rvbvbt Óevsjv mvwn‡Z¨i Avw` I ga¨ hy‡M kv³‡`e †`exi gvnvZ¥¨ m~PK GK †kªYxi AvL¨vwqKv Kve¨ cÖPwjZ wQj| Zvnvw`M‡K g½j Mvb ewjZ| eZ©gv‡b Bnv g½j Kve¨ bv‡g cwiwPZ| g½j kãwU µ‡g gvnvZ¥¨ cÖPvi g~jK †h †KvbI iPbv eySvB‡Z e¨eüZ nBZ| Lªxóxq PZz`©k kZvãx nB‡ZB g½j Mvb¸wj †h mymse× Kvwnbxi AvKv‡i iwPZ nBqv mgv‡R cÖPvi jvf Kwi‡ZwQj Zvnvi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|Ó 18

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bvbv wel‡q g½j Mvb iwPZ n‡qwQj| Gi g‡a¨ wKQz ˆeòexq welqI AšÍf~©³ wQj| Z‡e gbmv g½j, PÛxg½j I ag©g½j GB wZb †kªYxi g½j Mv‡bi HwZn¨B me©v‡cÿv mg„w×kvjx| g½j Mvb ej‡j cÖavbZ GB wZb †kªYxi iPbv‡K †evSvq| kZ kZ ermi a‡i µgvš^wqK iPbvq evsjvq GB Mv‡bi wecyj HwZn¨ M‡o I‡V| eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k AÂ‡j gbmvg½j me©v‡cÿv RbwcÖq wQj| g½j Mv‡bi Mvqb‰kjx m~Pbvi w`‡K †Kgb wQj Rvbv hvq bv| Z‡e wek kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K Gi Mvqbiƒc cvV msMxZ wbf©i n‡q `uvovq| Avmi mvwR‡q †`vnvi‡`i mvnv‡h¨ g~j MvqK ev Mv‡qb g½j Mvb MvB‡Zb| GKwU g½j Kve¨‡K NUbvµwgKfv‡e wÎk ev GKwÎkwU fv‡M mvwR‡q gvme¨vcx MvIqv nZ| Avm‡ii ïiæ‡Z _vKZ e›`bvMvb| Zv mg‡eZ fv‡e MvIqv nZ| Gi c‡i _vKZ eY©bxq AvL¨vb As‡ki fvevbymvix a~qv| a~qvi Q›`‡K AbymiY K‡i Mv‡qb cvV msMx‡Zi Q‡K g½j Mvb Dc¯’vwcZ Ki‡Zb| †Lvj, KiZvj, euvwk, †envjv, nv‡g©vwbqg, LÄwb cÖf~wZ hš¿ev`¨ mn‡hvwMZv KiZ|

fviZ P›`ª ivq (1712-1760)

evsjv MxZ mvwnZ¨ ev evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ga¨hyM I AvaywbK hy‡Mi ga¨eZ©x mg‡qi, hyMmwÜÿY e‡j †h Kvj mxgv‡K †evSv‡bv nq; †m mg‡qi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ msMxZ iPwqZv Kwe fviZP›`ª ivq| wZwb me©‡kl L¨vZbvgv g½jMxZ iPwqZv, Z‡e Zuvi HwZnvwmK Ae`vb n‡”Q †h, g½jMxwZ e¨e¯’vi †fZ‡i †_‡KI †mLvbKvi ˆ`ex cÖfve‡K Le© K‡i wZwb †mLv‡b GKvšÍ gvbexq cwiw¯’wZ mw¤^‡ewkZ K‡iwQ‡jb| d‡j evsjv Mv‡bi cÖavb cÖev‡n gvbe‡K›`ªx msMxZ iPbvi c_ cÖk¯Í n‡q DV‡Z †c‡iwQj| AvL¨vbMxwZi KvVv‡gvi †fZ‡iI fviZP›`ª h‡_ó msL¨K LÛMxwZ iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| Zv‡Z Kvwnbx wbi‡cÿ kv³c` iPbvi cUf~wg iPwqZv wn‡m‡e ivgcÖmv‡`i c~‡e© fviZP‡›`ªi bvg Kiv hvq| ivRv K…òP‡›`ªi `ievi †_‡K wZwb †h msMxZ wkÿv †c‡qwQ‡jb Zv‡Z Rq‡`‡ei ci wZwbB evsjv Mv‡bi cªavb cÖev‡n `ievwi msMx‡Zi ixwZ cÖK…wZ‡K AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki fv‡e hy³ K‡ib| fviZP›`ª Avw`i‡mi D”Q¡wmZ †mªvZ eB‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb Zuvi iPbvq| G imaviv cieZ©x eû`kK ch©šÍ evOvwji bvU¨, Kve¨ I MxZ eM©xq iPbv‡K AvcøyZ K‡i †i‡LwQj|

AvjvIj (1607 ? - 1674)

ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwnZ¨ msMx‡Zi weKv‡k AvivKvb ivR`iev‡ii Ae`v‡bi GKwU cÖm½ Av‡Q| Kwe AvjvIj AvivKvb ivR mfvi AwZ D¾¡j Dcnvi| eû fvlvwe`, eû welqwe` AvjvIj wQ‡jb Kwe, msMxZ ZË¡we`, msMxZ iPwqZv, D”Pgv‡bi MvqK I AmvaviY Abyev`K| Zuvi mywew`Z Abyev` Kve¨ ÔcÙveZxÕ GKwU MxZ mgv‡ivn| wewfbœ ivMiƒc Aej¤^‡b I cÂZv‡j¯^i ev cuvPvwj MxZ cÖe‡Üi Abymi‡Y wZwb cÙveZxi Mvqbiƒc wbg©vY K‡ib| AvjvIj ms¯‹…Z I dvwm© fvlvq iwPZ fviZxq msMxZ m¤ú‡K© iwPZ cÖgvY¨ MÖš’vw` m¤ú‡K© we‡klfv‡e AewnZ wQ‡jb Ges kv½©‡`e ewY©Z cÂZv‡jk¦i cÖeÜiƒc Abymi‡Y cÙveZxi Mv‡bi Dc¯’vcbixwZi cÖvgvY¨Zv wbwðZ K‡ib| evsjvq wZwbB cÖ_g GB ixwZ‡K cÖvwZôvwbK iƒc †`b| fviZP‡›`ªi wKwÂr c~‡e© AvL¨vb MxwZi KvVv‡gvq AvL¨vb wbi‡cÿfv‡e †Mq LÛMxwZ mwbœ‡e‡ki cÖqvm cvb| cÙveZx‡Z Ggb †ZiwU Mvb Av‡Q| Kve¨¸‡Y I myi cª‡qv‡Mi ixwZ‡Z AvjvI‡ji Gme Mvb Af~Zc~e©| †Kbbv g½j Kv‡e¨ weòzc` bv‡g †h MxwZ mwbœ‡e‡ki ixwZ cÖPwjZ wQj Zv AZ¨šÍ gvgywj ai‡bi n‡qwQj| AvL¨vb MxwZi g‡a¨ PgrKvi LÛMxwZ e¨env‡ii c_ AvjvIj cÖk¯Í K‡ib, fviZ P›`ª ivq †m c_‡KB cÖk¯Íi K‡i †Zv‡jb| AvjvI‡ji msMxZfvebv we‡kølY Ki‡j †evSv hvq †h, evsjv Mv‡b GKwU bZzb †evaeyw× mÂv‡i wZwb eªZx n‡qwQ‡jb Ges †mB aviv‡KB wZwb AMÖmi K‡iwQ‡jb| †R.wm †NvN g‡b K‡ib †h, AvjvIj wQ‡jb evsjvi wbIK¬¨vwm wmR‡gi m~PbvKvix Ges fviZP›`ª †mB aviv‡K mg„× Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i wQ‡jb|21

kv³c`vejx

Aóv`k kZ‡Ki wØZxqv‡a© `xN© cÖPj‡bi d‡j ˆeòe c`vejxi aviv ÿxqgvb n‡q Avm‡j kv³c`vejx ev kv³MxwZi aviv D”Q¡wmZ n‡q I‡V| kw³‡`ex Dgv I k¨vgv welqK Mvb kv³ c`vejx wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ| AvL¨vb MxwZi †fZ‡i fviZP›`ª LÛMxwZ iPbvi †h c_ cÖ`k©b K‡iwQ‡jb †m c_ a‡iB Kwe iÄb ivg cÖmv` †mb (1720-1781) kv³c` iPbvi h_v_© m~Pbv K‡ib| GB Mv‡bi `ywU aviv| ÓGKwUi g‡a¨ Mvn©‡¯’i myi cÖej nBqv D‡V, Avi GKwUi g‡a¨ Ava¨vwZœK myiB cÖejZi nq|Ó22 `ywU aviviB c_ cÖ`k©K iPbvKvi ivg cÖmv` †mb| Mvn©¯’ fvecÖfvweZ Mv‡bi †K‡›`ª Av‡Qb Dgv| PÛx ev `yM©viB Aci bvg †mwU| Ava¨vwZœK fvecÖfvweZ Mv‡bi †K‡›`ª Av‡Qb k¨vgv ev Kvjx| cÖ_g avivi Mv‡bi bvg AvMgbx Ges wØZxq avivi Mv‡bi bvg k¨vgv msMxZ|

AvMgb †_‡K AvMgbx| wcZv wngvjq I gvZv †gbKvi Kb¨v wkecZœx DgvB `~M©v| ˆKjvm †_‡K c~wRZ nIqvi Rb¨ wZwb g‡Z©¨ AvMgb K‡ib| Gi bvg kvi`xq `y‡M©vrme| lôx wZw_‡Z †evab; mßgx-Aógx-begx wnw_‡Z P‡j `yM©vc~Rv, `kgx‡Z †`ex we`vq| c~Rvi mg¯Í e¨vcviwUB GKwU kv¯¿wewnZ NUbv| Gi ms‡M myivmyi hy‡×i fqsKvi Kvwnbx m¤ú„³| ivgcÖmv` kv‡¯¿ hvbwb; gwnlvmyi nZ¨vq gv_v Nvgvbwb| Dgv‡K wZwb evOvwj M„n¯’ Kb¨vi cÖwZiƒc wn‡m‡e †`‡LwQ‡jb| ˆKjvm †_‡K Dgvi g‡Z©¨ c~Rv MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ AvMgb e¨miv‡šÍ Kb¨vi wcZ…M„‡n AvMg‡bi cÖwZiƒc n‡q †`Lv w`‡qwQj| RMw`k¦ix GLv‡b `~i ¯^vgxM„n evmx Kb¨v n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Qb| Gi cðv‡Z GKwU wb`viæb wn›`y mvgvwRK cwiw¯’wZ Kwei m„Rbxe„wË‡K cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj| ivg cÖmv` hLb msMxZ iPbvq wb‡qvwRZ nb evOvwj wn›`y M„n¯’ Kb¨vi Ae¯’v wQj AZ¨všÍ KiæY| Lye Aí eq‡m †g‡q‡`i we‡q nZ| G‡K ejv nZ †MŠix `vb| ¯^vgx n‡Zb eq¯‹, A‡bK ¯’‡j e„×| bvevwjKv cZœxi cÖwZ ¯^vgx I Zvi cwiev‡ii cÖPÛ Ae‡njv NUZ| gv mvivÿY DrKwÉZ _vK‡Zb †g‡qi g½jvg½j fvebvq| AvMgbx‡Z DrKwÉZ gvZ…-‡ŠnB myi I evYx‡Z iƒc †c‡q‡Q| AvMgbx Mv‡bi `ywU ch©vq| cÖ_g ch©v‡q Dgvi AvMgb I Zuv‡Z Avb›` cÖKv‡ki D‡ØjZv, wØZxq ch©v‡q Dgv we`vq I we`vq RwbZ †e`bv| †`eZvi gvbex Ki‡Yi GK we¯§qKi e¨Äbv cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q AvMgbx‡Z ev AvMgbx Mv‡b|

ivg cÖmv‡`i k¨vgv msMx‡Z Ava¨vwZ¥KZvi myi cÖejZi e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb Avï‡Zvl fUªvPvh©| †mB Ava¨vwZ¥KZvI †jvKvqZ gvbweKfv‡e AbyiwYZ| GK ai‡bi mnR gvZ…e¨vKzjZv Zuvi k¨vgv msMxZ†K Ava¨vwZ¥K `~ieZ©xZv †_‡K Rxe‡bi mxgvq wb‡q Avm‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q| ivgcÖmv` Zš¿wm× mvaK wQ‡jb| Zuvi k¨vgv msMxZ Zuvi mvabZË¡ I wek¦vmZ‡Ë¡i e¨vL¨vb n‡q DV‡e, †ZgbwU ¯^vfvweK wQj| A‡bK Mv‡b G m‡ei cÖwZdjbI Av‡Q| Z‡e ivgcÖmv‡`i cÖavb D‡`¨vMwU n‡”Q gvZ„fve cÖwZôv Kiv| Dcvm¨ Kvjx‡K RM`xk¦ix wn‡m‡e gv †W‡K c~Rvi Avm‡b ewm‡q iv‡Lbwb, gvbemšÍvb †h fv‡e Zvi gv‡K Aej¤^b K‡i fw³‡Z fv‡jvevmvq, Ave`v‡i, Awfgv‡b, ivg cÖmv` Kvjx‡K †mB gvZ…‡Z¡i Avm‡b ewm‡q wQ‡jb| c~‡e©Kvi hy‡M ˆeòe c`vejx‡Z iƒcvwqZ cÖavb fvewU wQj bvqK-bvwqKv fve, ivg cÖmv‡` G‡m evsjv Mvb gvZv-cyÎ m¤ú‡K©i fve‡K Aej¤^b Kij| evsjvMvb A‡bK †ekx cwigv‡Y f~wgjMœ n‡q coj|

ivg cÖmv` †m‡bi msMxZ wkÿv m¤ú‡K© wKQyB Rvbv hvq bv| fviZ P‡›`ªi g‡Zv wZwb †h ivRv K…ò P‡›`ªi `ievi †_‡K ivM msMxZ wkÿvi my‡hvM cvbwb †m K_v Rvbv hvq| wKš‘ Mv‡b †h fv‡e wZwb ivM-Zvj e¨envi K‡i‡Qb Ges Zuvi Mv‡bi MvqKxi †h ci¯úivMZ cÖPjb, Zv‡Z g‡b nq ivM msMxZ m¤ú‡K© ivg cÖmv‡`i e¨vcK aviYv wQj| Z‡e wZwb me©vwaK ¯§iYxq n‡q Av‡Qb cÖmv`x myi iPbvi R‡b¨| ivM msMxZ I evDj-KxZ©b wgwk‡q wZwb AwZ RbwcÖq GKwU msMxZfw½ iPbv K‡i wQ‡jb| Clr `ªæZj‡q GKZv‡j cÖw_Z GB msMxZ G‡ZvB RbwcÖq nq †h, KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg mn Zuvi Kvj ch©šÍ cÖavb mKj evOvwj msMxZ iPwqZv cÖmv`x myi e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mv‡b ch©šÍ iex›`ªbv_ cÖmv`x myi e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| ivg cÖmv` †m‡bi `ywU gnv Ae`vb evsjv Mv‡bi †ÿ‡Î Ava¨vwZœKZvi †fZ‡i †_‡KI †jvKvqZ RMr‡K wZwb Mv‡bi m‡½ hy³ K‡iwQ‡jb Ges ivM msMx‡Zi m‡½ evsjvi AvÂwjK MxZixwZ hy³ K‡i GKwU bZzb wgkªixwZ iPbvi c_ cÖ`k©b K‡iwQ‡jb|

ivg cÖmv` †m‡bi ci KgjvKvšÍ fÆvPvh© (1772-1821) cÖmv`x HwZ‡n¨i me©‡kô aviK n‡q `uvovb| KgjvKvšÍ cÖwZfvevb Kwe wQ‡jb| Zuvi iPbv myi I evYxi wgwjZ DrK‡l© SjwKZ n‡q I‡V| cÖmv`x my‡ii e¨envi e¨ZxZ ivg cÖmv` Zuvi Mv‡b ivM msMx‡Zi h_v_© †Kvb iƒc‡K MÖw_Z K‡iwQ‡jb †m m¤ú‡K© ejvi Dcvq †bB| Z‡e KgjvKvšÍ †_‡K kv³c‡` U¤úv Mv‡bi myi e¨eüZ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Kvwj`vm P‡Ævcva¨vq ev Kvjx gxR©vi Kv‡Q wZwb Uàv wk‡LwQ‡jb Ges Uàvi g~j msMxZixwZ‡K bvbvfv‡e mvwR‡q wZwb Zuvi Mv‡b e¨envi K‡iwQ‡jb| Uàvfw½g kv³c` wecyj RbwcÖqZv cvq| cieZ©x eû `kK a‡i kv³ c` Uàvi ï× I wgkª msMxZKjv‡K Aej¤^b K‡i weKwkZ nq| Uàvi m‡½ evDj-KxZ©‡biI wgkªY N‡U| Gi d‡j evsjvq Uàvi GK †jvKvqZ iƒc M‡o I‡V| Gi m~Pbv KgjvKv‡šÍ| k¨vgv msMxZ I AvMgbx Dfq †kªYxi msMxZ iPbvqB KgjvKvšÍ D”PL¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb|

ivg cÖmv` I KgjvKv‡šÍi iPbvejx kv³ c`vejxi wecyj weKv‡ki cUf~wg iPbv K‡i| mgMÖ Dwbk kZK I wek kZ‡Ki cÖ_gva© Ry‡o GB †kªYxi Mv‡bi weKvk Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| ˆeòe c`vejxi g‡ZvB kv³c`vejx Rb‡Mq wel‡q cwiYZ n‡j Zv‡Z MxZ iPbv I msMxZ †hvR‡bi bvbv avivi mw¤§jb N‡U| Uàv, aªæc`, †Lqvj cÖf„wZi weï× I fvOv e¨envi †hgb †`Lv hvq, KxZ©b mn bvbv †jŠwKK msMx‡Zi avivI Gi m‡½ hy³ nq| Z‡e bvMwiK †kªYxi iPbvq Uàvi e¨envi N‡U m‡e©v”P cwigv‡Y| Uàvi bvbv XO AwZ mij AvKv‡i ‡jŠwKK †kªYxi kv³ c‡`i m‡½ hy³ nq| KxZ©b msMx‡Zi MÖš’bvq Kvjx KxZ©‡bi GKwU aviv M‡o I‡V| Dwbk kZ‡K kv³ c`vejxi Ava¨vwZ¥K †cÖiYv GgbB cÖej n‡q I‡V †h, ivRv gnvivRv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i `wi`ª KywUi evmx Kwe ch©šÍ evsjvq kZ mnmª c` iPbv K‡ib|

ivRv ivg †gvnb ivq eªvþ fvev`k© cÖPvi (1828) ïiæ Ki‡j Zv evsjvi bvMwiK wn›`y mgv‡R cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| cÖavb evOvwj MxwZKweMY eªvþ a‡g©v³ wbivKvi Ck¦‡ii ¯ÍeMvb iPbvi aviv Aejæb Ki‡j kv³c` iPbvi cÖevn ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq| ivgK…ò cignsm (1836-1886) I ¯^vgx we‡eKvb‡›`i (1863-1902) cÖfv‡e kv³c` iPbvq AvMÖn †`Lv w`‡jI †Rvov muv‡Kv VvKzi evwo we‡klZ iex›`ªbv‡_i eªþ msMx‡Zi cÖfv‡e Zv h‡_ó †eM mÂvi Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| eªvþ cÖfve‡K Le© K‡i evsjvq kv³ c` iPbvi HwZn¨‡K wecyjfv‡e cybiæ¾xweZ K‡ib KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg| AmvaviY Kvwe¨K I msMxwZK kw³ e‡j AvMgbx I k¨vgv msMxZ‡K wZwb eû gvwÎK ˆefe `vb K‡ib|

AvaywbK hyMt Uàv

AvaywbK wn›`y¯Ívwb ivM msMx‡Zi PviwU cÖavb aviv: aªæc`, ‡Lqvj, Uàv I Vyswi | weL¨vZ †Lqvj¸Yx †Mvjvg bex (1742-1792) Uàvi cÖeZ©K| †m mgq cvÄve AÂj †_‡K †ZRviwZ `ªe¨ cwien‡bi Rb¨ DU wb‡q cÖPzi DU PvjK jL‡bŠ Avm‡Zb| K¤úb eûj my‡i iwPZ GK ai‡bi cvÄvwe Mvb Zv‡`i gy‡L gy‡L wdiZ| †Mvjvg bex GB ai‡bi Mv‡b AvMÖn †eva Ki‡Zb Ges †Lqv‡ji m‡½ cvÄvweMv‡bi ixwZ wgwj‡q GKwU bZzb K¬¨vwmK¨vj MxZixwZ M‡o †Zv‡jb| Uc †_‡K Uàv| wnw›`‡Z Uc ej‡Z †evSvq jvd †`qv ev mswÿß| †Mvjvg bexi bZzb †kªYxi iPbv †Lqv‡ji †P‡q mswÿß Ges Zvb mg~n GLv‡b Djøçb hy³| †mR‡b¨ GB Mvb‡K ejv n‡q‡Q Uàv| wbayevey †Mvjvg bex Ii‡d †kvwii `„óv‡šÍ Uàv iPbv K‡i evsjv MxZ mvwn‡Z¨ AvaywbK hy‡Mi cÖeZ©b K‡ib|

wbayevey

wbayevey bv‡g L¨vZ ivgwbwa ¸ß (1741-1839)-i ˆcZ…K emevm KjKvZv kn‡i| eû wel‡q ˆkke-‰K‡kv‡iB wZwb PgrKvi M„n wkÿv jvf K‡ib| wZwb cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i Bs‡iwR Rvbv evOvwj‡`i Ab¨Zg| MxZ iPbv I msMxZ iPbv Dfq we`¨v‡ZB Zuvi AvMÖn wQj| MvBevi MjvwUI wQj Zuvi PgrKvi| 1776 mv‡j wenv‡ii Qvcvi Kv‡j±‡i‡U KiwY‡Ki PvKwi wb‡q hvevi ci †_‡KB Zuvi cÖ_ve× msMxZ Rxeb ïiæ nq| wbayevey Qvcivq AvVvi eQi PvKwi K‡ib| †m mgq cÖ_g †Lqv‡j I c‡i be cÖPwjZ Uàvq wZwb e¨vcK Zvwjg cvb| 1796 mv‡j PvKwi †_‡K Aemi wb‡q hLb KjKvZv wd‡i Av‡mb, ZLb Uàv MvqK I Uàv iPwqZv wn‡m‡e wbayevey cwic~Y© cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| gvZ…fvlvi cÖwZ wbayeveyi Mfxi ggZv wQj| evsjv fvlv cÖxwZi cÖ_g MvbwUI wZwb iPbv K‡ib| †mwU wQj Kv‡gv`-Lv¤^vR iv‡M I wÎZv‡j iwPZ GKwU Uàv: bvbvb †`‡k bvbvb fvlv/we‡b ¯^‡`kxq fvlv c~‡i wK Avkv? | evsjvq Uàv iPbv K‡i †m Mvb ¯^qs †M‡q wZwb KjKvZvq RbwcÖq K‡i Zzj‡eb, †Zgb msKí wb‡qB wbayevey Qvciv †_‡K wd‡i Av‡mb| †m msKí c~i‡Yi †fZi w`‡q wZwb evsjv Mv‡bi BwZnv‡m AvaywbK hyM cÖeZ©bvi Amvgvb¨ †MŠi‡e Awfwm³ nb|

wbayevey KZ…©K evsjvq Uàv cÖPj‡bi `y‡Uv w`K| GKwU n‡”Q Gi welqMZ w`K, AciwU n‡”Q msMxZMZ w`K| welq cÖeZ©bvi we‡ePbvq wbayeveyi Uàv iPbv evsjv MxwZ KweZvi BwZnv‡m GK gnvNUbv| ˆ`evb¨yMZ¨ I Ava¨vwZœKZv gy³Mvb iPbvi mvnmx c‡_ AMÖmi nb wZwb| bi-bvixi ü`q m¤úK©‡K Aej¤^b K‡i wZwb Uàv iPbv K‡ib| mvab msMxZ iPbvi †mB cÖejhy‡M ag© wbi‡cÿZv I Bnv RvMwZKZv‡K Aej¤^b K‡i evsjv bvMwiK Mv‡bi ‡K‡›`ª gvby‡li R‡b¨ GKwU D¾¡j Avmb cvZvi †Póv K‡ib wbayevey Ges †m †_‡KB evsjv Mv‡bi AvaywbK hy‡Mi m~Pbv N‡U| me©Rbxb gvbe‡Kw›`ªKZv GB AvaywbKZvi g~j e¯Í| Bs‡iRx wkÿv, PvKwi m~‡Î cvðZ¨ mgv‡Ri mvwbœa¨, †Mvjvg bexi Uàv †Kw›`ªK cÖYq msMx‡Zi Av`k©-m‡e wg‡j me©Rbxb ü`qv†eM wb‡q Mvb iPbvq wbayevey AvMÖnx n‡q _vK‡eb| bi-bvixi †cÖg m¤ú‡K©, we‡kl K‡i bvixi we‡”Q` †e`bvB wbayeveyi Mv‡b me©vwaK iƒcvwqZ n‡q‡Q| evsjv Mvb Zuvi iPbvqB mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© †ivgvw›UK n‡q I‡V|

wel‡q †hgb msMxZ Dc¯’vcbvI †Zgwb wbayevey GKwU ¯^Kxq ixwZ cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb| wn›`y¯Ívwb Uàvi `ªæZjq cÖavb I Djøçb hy³ Zvb †Kw›`ªK Dc¯’vcb ixwZi cwie‡Z© wZwb wejw¤^Z jq †Kw›`ªK, `vbv`vi ÿz`ªvKvi MgK hy³ †`vjvwqZ cÖengvb Zvj gyLi Dc¯’vcb ixwZi cÖeZ©b K‡ib| we‡”Q` †e`bvi †h AvwZ© Zvi Mv‡b, Zv‡K iƒcvwqZ Kivi R‡b¨ wn›`y¯Ívwb MvqbKjv †gv‡UB Dc‡hvMx wQj bv| wel‡q, MxwZiƒ‡c I MvqbKjvq †h be msMxZ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡jb wbayevey evsjv Mv‡bi BwZnv‡m Zv-B be hy‡Mi m~Pbv Kij| wbayevey ¯^qs GB Mvb †M‡q KjKvZv †Kw›`ªK msMxZv‡gv`x mgv‡Ri wPË Rq Ki‡jb| µ‡g KjKvZvi evB‡iI GB Mv‡bi mgS`vwi cÖmvwiZ n‡Z _vKj| wbayevey cÖvq QqkZ Uàv Mvb iPbv K‡ib| Zuv‡K 106wU ivM e¨envi Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq|

Uàv iPwqZv wn‡m‡e wbayeveyi bv‡gi m‡½ D”PvwiZ nq Kvjx wgR©vi bvg| Gui Avmj bvg Kvwj`vm P‡Uªvcva¨vq (1750-1820)| ms¯‹…Z fvlv-mvwn‡Z¨ mycwÛZ I †Lqv‡j ci½g Kvwj`vm Uàvq Zvwjg †c‡qwQ‡jb †Mvjvg bexi ¯^vÿvr aviv †_‡K| wZwb †Mvjvg bexi cÖavb wkl¨ wgqv Mv¤§yi Uàv¸Yx cyÎ kv‡` Luvi Kv‡Q Uàvi Zvwjg cvb| 1781 mv‡j wZwb ûMwj †Rjvq wbR MÖv‡g wd‡i Av‡mb| †mLvb †_‡K wZwb ea©gvb iv‡Ri Avgš¿‡Y †mLvbKvi ivR`iev‡i ‡hvM`vb K‡ib| ea©gv‡b K‡qK eQi †_‡K wZwb KjKvZv cv_ywiqv NvUvi Rwg`vi †Mvcx‡gvnb VvKz‡ii `iev‡i †hvM`vb K‡ib| 1818 mvj ch©šÍ GB `iev‡i †_‡K Rxe‡bi Aewkó `yB eQi wZwb KvUvb evivYmx‡Z| Kvjx gxR©vI evsjvq Uàv iPbv K‡ib| Zuvi iwPZ †gvU 257wU Uàv gyw`ªZ AvKv‡i cvIqv hvq| KgjvKvšÍ mn A‡bK evOvwj wkÿv_©x Zuvi KvQ †_‡K U¤úvq cÖ_ve× Zvwjg †c‡qwQ‡jb| Kvjx gxR©v gvÎ K‡qKwU U¤úvq gvbe-gvbexi ü`q m¤ú‡K© iƒcvwqZ K‡iwQ‡jb| kv³c`v msMxZ wQj Zuvi msMxZ iPbvi cÖavb †ÿÎ| g½jMvb-fviZP›`ª-ivgcÖmv‡`i aviv‡KB wZwb cÖmvwiZ K‡iwQ‡jb Uàvq| Uàvq †m Rb¨ Avgiv `ywU aviv cvB| GKwU n‡”Q wbayeveyi gvbe †K›`ªx aviv, AciwU n‡”Q Kvwj gxR©vi kw³‡`ex †K›`ªx aviv| Dfq aviviB cÖPzi KvR nq Ges cixÿv-wbixÿvI nq cÖPzi| mgMÖ Dwbk kZK Ry‡o `ywU aviviB Avðh© D”Q¡vm N‡U| evsjv †jvK msMx‡Zi bvbv ixwZI Uàvi mvsMxwZK cÖfv‡e cwicyó nq|

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evsjv Mv‡bi cÖavb †h cÖevn, Zv Av`¨šÍB ivM msMx‡Zi `„óv†šÍ iwPZ| AvaywbK hy‡M G‡m Zv AvaywbK wn›`y¯Ívwb ivM msMxZixwZi ms‡M hy³ nq| †gvMj mvgªv‡Ri cZ‡bi ci w`wjø †Kw›`ªK KjveZMY Avkª‡qi mÜv‡b evsjvq Avm‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| weªwUk fvi‡Zi ivRavbx wn‡m‡e KjKvZvi Afy¨`q NU‡j †mLvbKvi weËevb cwievi mg~n‡K †K›`ª K‡i A‡bK ivM msMxZ ¸Yx KjKvZvq evm¯’vb M‡o †Zv‡jb| 1793 Lªxóv‡ã e„wUk fvi‡Zi Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij jW© KY©Iqvwjm wPi¯’vqx e¨e¯’vi cÖeZ©b K‡ib| Gi d‡j evsjvq Rwg`vi †kªYxi †MvovcËb nq| evsjvi MÖvgvÂ‡j cÖwZwôZ Rwg`viM„n mg~nI wn›`y¯Ívwb KjveZ †`i Avkªq cÖ`vb I ivM msMxZ PP©vq c„ô‡cvlKZv `v‡bi R‡b¨ L¨vwZ jvf K‡i| 1858 mv‡j A‡hva¨vi beve IqvwR` Avwj kvn KjKvZvi DcK‡ô †g‡Ueyi‡R wbe©vwmZ Rxeb hvcb ïiæ Ki‡j †mLv‡b wZwb Zuvi weL¨vZ msMxZ `ievi ¯’vbvšÍwiZ K‡ib| KÉ I hš¿ msMxwZi w`Kcvj ¸Yxiv †g‡Ueyi‡R G‡m mg‡eZ nb| Av‡mb K_K b„‡Z¨i cÖe³iv Ges b„Z¨ cwUqmx evCRxi `j| KjKvZv‡K †K›`ª K‡i mviv evsjvi imI mgvR wn›`y¯Ívwb ivM msMx‡Zi iƒ‡c I i‡m g‡R hvb| wn›`y¯Ívwb ivM msMxZ evOvwji Kv‡Q MxZiPbv, myiv‡ivc I Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î me© Rbxb cÖvgvY¨Zv cvq| evsjvi ¯^KxqZv m‡Ë¡I bvMwiK avivq evsjv Mvb wn›`y¯Ívwb iƒce‡Üi Av`k©‡K wk‡ivavh© K‡iB AMÖmi n‡Z _v‡K| Dwbk kZ‡Ki m~Pbvq wn›`y¯Ívwb ivM msMx‡Zi m‡½ evsjv Mv‡bi eû gvwÎK †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi cw_K…r KvRwU K‡iwQ‡jb ivg wbwa¸ß| Zuvi Uàv evOvwj msMxZ iPwqZv‡`i AvaywbK wn›`y¯Ívwb cÖvgvY¨ msMxZ ixwZi m‡½ hy³ K‡i| fvlvi we‡ePbvq AvÂwjK n‡qI msMx‡Zi we‡ePbvq evsjv Mvb wn›`y¯Ívwb msMx‡Zi hveZxq †mŠKh© Aej¤^b K‡i|

†Lqvj

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aªæc`

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†cÖ‡gi Mvb

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eªþmsMxZ

Dwbk kZ‡K weKvk cÖvß GKwU wewkó evsjv ¯Íe msMxZ avivi bvg eªþmsMxZ| ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq (1772-1833) GB avivi cÖwZôvZv | 1815 mv‡j AvZ¥xq mfv I 1828 mv‡j KjKvZvq eªþmfv ev eªþ mgvR ¯’vcb K‡i ivg‡gvnb ivq GKwU ag©v‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv K‡ib| eª‡þi Abymvix GB A‡_© eªvþ K_vwUi e¨envi| eªþ ej‡Z ivg‡gvnb wbivKvi, AwefvR¨ GK Ck¦i‡K †evSv‡jb| †cvËwjK wn›`ya‡g©i wecix‡Z wZwb Zuvi ag©gZ‡K ¯’vcb K‡i †NvlYv Ki‡jb, ÒcÖwZgvw`‡Z ci‡gk¦‡ii Dcvmbv eªv‡þiv Kwi‡eb bvÓ| Avengvb wn›`y e¨w³MZ DcmbvixwZi cwie‡Z© mvgvwRK Ck¦‡ivcmbv ixwZi cÖeZ©b Ki‡jb wZwb| Mv‡bi gva¨‡g cÖv_©bv I wPËïw×i Kvh©KvwiZv m¤ú‡K© ivg‡gvnb Mfxifv‡e Av¯’vkxj wQ‡jb| ZvB Mvb‡K wZwb eª‡þvcmbvi wewkó A½iƒ‡c MÖnY Ki‡jb| cÖPwjZ †cŠËwjK wn›`y ag© msMx‡Z GB D‡Ïk¨ mvwaZ nevi bq| ivg‡gvnb ¯^qs Zuvi gZvbymvix Mvb iPbvq eªZx n‡jb| wZwbB G Mvb‡K ej‡jb eªþ msMxZ| G Mvb wbivKvi G‡Kk¦‡ii ¯ÍeMvb| ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi Aby‡cÖiYvq Zuvi eÜz¯’vbxq wbgvBPiY wgÎ, K…Á †gvnb gRyg`vi, ˆfie P›`ª `Ë, Kvjxbv_ ivq, ‡MŠi †gvnb miKvi-bxjiZb nvj`vi I bxjgwb †NvN eªþ msMxZ iPbv K‡ib| Gu‡`i D‡`¨v‡MB eªþmsMxZ iPbvi cUf~wgwU M‡o I‡V| ivg‡gvn‡bi Avgš¿‡Y K…òbM‡ii weL¨vZ aªæc`x weòz PµeZ©x (1804-1900) eªvþ mgvR gw›`‡i msMxZvPvh© wn‡m‡e †hvM †`b| wZwb m~Pbvi mgq †_‡KB eªþ¯Íec‡` aªæc`xq myiv‡ivc Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| Zuvi cÖfv‡eB eªþ msMxZ‡K †K›`ª K‡i GKwU aªæc`xq msMxZ iPbvi Aven M‡o I‡V|

Bsj¨v‡Û ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi g„Zz¨ n‡j †`‡e›`ªbv_ VvKzi (1817-1905) eªvþ mgv‡Ri †bZ…Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib| mgv‡Ri Ava¨vwZ¥K I mvsMxwZK Dfq cÖ‡PóvB Zuvi cÖqv‡m msnwZ jvf K‡i| †`‡e›`ªbv_ aªæc`xq msMx‡Zi AbyivMx wQ‡jb| weòz msMxZ †hvR‡bi aviv Zuvi c„ô‡cvlKZvq AwaKZi †eM cvq|

cÖwZôvi Pwjøk eQ‡ii g‡a¨B eªvþ mgv‡R wefvRb †`Lv †`q | †`‡e›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii m‡½ gZ cv_©K¨ †`Lv w`‡j †KkeP›`ª †mb (1838-1884) 1866 mv‡j c„_K eªvþ mgvR ¯’vcb K‡ib| Zuvi †bZ…Z¡vaxb eªvþ mgv‡Ri bvg nq meweavb eªvþ mgvR| †`‡e›`ªbv‡_i †bZ…Z¡vaxb mgv‡Ri bvg ivLv nq Avw` eªvþ mgvR| 1878 mv‡j G‡m †Kke †m‡bi eªvþ mgvRI †f‡½ hvq| wkebv_ kv¯¿x (1847-1919) I Avb›` †gvnb emy (1847-1906) beweavb eªvþ mgvR †_‡K †ewi‡q G‡m mvaviY eªvþ mgvR cÖwZôv K‡ib| Avw`, beweavb I mvaviY GB wZb kvLvqB ivg‡gvnb cÖewZ©Z Dcmbv msMx‡Zi aviv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| beweavb I mvaviY eªvþ mgvR Dcvmbv msMxZ‡K me©mvavi‡Yi MvIqvi Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjvi R‡b¨ ivM msMx‡Zi cvkvcvwk evDj-KxZ©bmn bvbv †jvK msMx‡Zi myi‡K cÖavb¨ †`qv nq| wKš‘ †`‡e›`ªbv‡_i †bZ…‡Z¡ †Rvov muv‡Kv VvKzi evwo †Kw›`ªK Avw` eªvþ mgv‡R aªæc` msMxZB me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡ cvq| †Lqvj, UàvI wKQy RvqMv K‡i †bq †mLv‡b| Z‡e HwZnvwmKfv‡e AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv †h, eªþ msMxZ‡K †K›`ª K‡iB evsjv Mv‡bi fvevbyM aªæc` I †Lqvj ixwZ M‡o I‡V| wbayeveyi MvqKxi evB‡i mij myi †iLvq Mov-Uàvi †h MVbixwZwU M‡o I‡V ZviI Avkªq nq eªþ msMx‡Z|

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Z‡e GKK NUbv wn‡m‡e evsjv †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mv‡bi weKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î AZ¨šÍ cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡iwQj wn›`y †gjv bv‡g GKwU ¯^v‡`wkK Kvh©m~wP| †`keªZx wPšÍvwe` ivRbvivqY emy (1826-1899) 1866 mv‡j wkwÿZ e½evwmM‡Yi g‡a¨ RvZxq †MŠi‡e”Qv mÂvwiYx mfv 25 cÖwZôvi cÖ¯Íve K‡i KjKvZvi GK mfvq fvlY †`b| wZwb KjKvZvq GKwU msMxZ we`¨vjq ¯’vc‡bi aviYv e¨³ K‡ib Ges e‡jb GB we`¨vj‡q evOvwj wkÿv_©x‡`i Ggb Mvb †kLv‡bv n‡e hv‡Z Zv‡`i ÓAšÍ:Ki‡Y †`kwn‰ZwlZv I mgivbyiv‡Mi mÂvi nB‡Z cv‡i| 26 ivR bvivqY emyi GB avibvq AbycÖvwYZ n‡q be †Mvcvj wgÎ GKwU ¯^‡`kx †gjvi Av‡qvR‡b eªZx nb| aviYvwU Ggb wQj †h, †gjvq bvbv wea Av‡qvR‡bi AvKl©‡Y wecyj RbmgvMg n‡e Ges †mB my‡hv‡M †`kvbyiv‡Mi evYx‡K Zuv‡`i Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q †`qv hv‡e| †gjvq GKwU gÂ¯’vc‡bi cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv nq, †hLv‡b †_‡K †`kvbyiv‡Mi Mvb MxZ I KweZv cwVZ n‡Z cv‡i| be †Mvcvj GB †gjvi Av‡qvR‡b †Rvov muv‡Kv VvKyi evwoi AKzÉ mvnvh¨ †c‡qwQ‡jb| GB †gjv m¤ú‡K© Rxeb ¯§„wZ‡Z iex›`ªbv_ Rvwb‡q‡Qb: ÒAvgv‡`i evwoi mvnv‡h¨ wn›`y †gjv ewjqv GKwU †gjv m„wó nBqvwQj| be †Mvcvj wgÎ gnvkq GB †gjvi Kg©KZ©viƒ‡c wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| fviZel©‡K ¯^‡`k ewjqv fw³i mwnZ Dcjw×i †Póv †mB cÖ_g nq| †gR `v`v †mB mgq weL¨vZ RvZxq msMxZ Õwg‡j m‡e fviZ mš¿vbÕ iPbv KwiqvwQ‡jb| GB †gjvq ‡`‡ki ¯Íe Mvb MxZ, †`kvbyiv‡Mi KweZv cwVZ, †`kxwkí, e¨vqvg cÖf„wZ cÖ`wk©Z I †`kx¸Yx‡jvK cyi¯‹…Z nBZ|27 cici wZb eQi ˆPÎ msµvwšÍ‡Z GB †gjv Av‡qvwRZ n‡qwQj e‡j G‡K ˆPÎ †gjvI ejv nZ| RvZxqZv‡ev‡ai weKvk NUv‡bv GB †gjvi D‡Ïk¨ wQj e‡j G‡K RvZxq †gjvI ejv nZ|

Dwbk kZ‡K wkwÿZ evOvwj mgv‡R AwZ cvðvZ¨ cÖxwZ I †`k m¤ú‡K© D`vmxbZv KvR K‡iwQj| wkwÿZ evOvwj‡`i †PZbv †_‡K gvZ…f~wg m¤ú‡K© GB Ae‡njvi fve `~i KivB wQj ivR bvivqY emyi †cÖiYvq wn›`y †gjv Av‡qvR‡bi g~j jÿ¨| we‡`k cÖxwZ cwiZ¨vM K‡i †`kfve MÖn‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ iwPZ I Dc¯’vwcZ n‡Z ïiæ K‡iwQj †`kvZ¥‡evaK evsjv Mvb| wn›`y †gjv gÂ Gi cÖv_wgK cÖPv‡ii f~wgKv MÖnY K‡iwQj| 1867 mv‡j wn›`y †gjvi cÖ_g Awa‡ek‡b †Kv‡bv Mvb MvIqv n‡qwQj wKbv Zvi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq bv| 1868 mv‡j Gi wØZxq Awa‡ek‡bi D‡Øvabx msMxZiƒ‡c MvIqv nq m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ VvKzi (1842-1923) iwPZ Õwg‡j m‡e fviZmš¿vbÕ MvbwU| weòzP›`ª PµeZ©x myiv‡ivwcZ GB MvbwU †_‡KB mywbw`©ó fv‡e evsjv †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mv‡bi m~Pbv| GB DÏxcbv g~jK MvbwU cieZ©x eûermi DÏxcbv g~jK evsjv †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mv‡bi Av`k© wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| †PŠÏ ermi ¯’vqx (1867-1880) wn›`y †gjvi cieZ©x cÖwZ Awa‡ek‡bB G MvbwU D‡Øvabx msMxZ wn‡m‡e MvIqv nZ| Rb¥ab¨Zv I †`k †MŠi‡e DÏxwcZ †eva Kivi †h aviYv Zvi cvkvcvwk Bs‡iR ek¨Zv I †`‡ki `y`©kvi †e`bv cÖKv‡ki GKwU MxZavivi cÖeZ©b Ki‡jb m‡Z¨›`ªbv‡_i †R¨ôåvZv wØ‡R›`ªbv_ VvKzi (1840-1926)| wn›`y †gjvi Z…Zxq Awa‡ek‡b MvIqv nj Zuvi Mvb Ôgwjb gyLP›`ªgv fviZ †ZvgvwiÕ| evsjv †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mv‡bi cÖavb `yB fve DÏxcbv I †e`bv| VvKzi åvZ…Ø‡qi `ywU Mvb †_‡KB G `ywU †eva m¤ú„³ evsjv †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mv‡bi m~Pbv| †gjvi Ab¨Zg D‡`¨v³v g‡bv‡gvnb emy (1831-1912)-i Mvb †gjv gÂ we‡kl RbwcÖqZv cvq| `vwi`ª I †kvlY RR©wiZ †`kwPÎ Zuvi Mv‡b gg©¯úk©x n‡q I‡V| wn›`y †gjvi cÖwZôvZv m¤úv`K M‡Y›`ªbv_ VvKzi (1841-1869) †e`bvgyLi †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mvb iPbvq L¨vwZ jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| †gjvi A‡bK Awa‡ek‡b Zuvi Mvb MvIqv nq| Kwe †ngP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1838-1903)-Gi A‡bK Mvb; we‡klZ ÕfviZ msMxZÕ (evR‡i wkÿv evR GB i‡e/mevB ¯^vaxb G wecyj fv‡e/mevB RvMÖZ gv‡bi †MŠi‡e/fviZ ïayB Nygv‡q iq) †mKv‡j wecyj RbwcÖqZv cvq Ges wn›`y †gjvq A‡bK evi MvIqv nq| †Mvwe›` P›`ª ivq (1838-1927) A‡bK RbwcÖq †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mvb iPbv K‡ib| Zuvi ÕKZKvj c‡i ej fviZ‡iÕ MvbwU RbwcÖqZvi kx‡l© D‡V Av‡m| RbwcÖq †`kvZ¥‡evaK MxZ iPwqZv wn‡m‡e †m mg‡q Avgiv weòzivg P‡Uªvcva¨vq (1832-1901) †K cvB| i½ jvj e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1827-1887)-Gi AmvaviY GKwU Mvb- ¯^vaxbZv nxbZvq †K euvwP‡Z Pvq‡n/†K euvwP‡Z Pvq ?/ `vmZ¡ k„•Lj ej ‡K cwi‡e cvq †n/†K cwi‡e cvq?/- †gjv gÂ †_‡K eûevi MxZ nq| GB MvbwU‡Z me©cÖ_g fviZe‡l©i ¯^vaxbZvi AvKv•Lv e¨³ Kiv nq| †gjv‡K †K›`ª K‡i cÖ_‡g KjKvZv I µ‡g KjKvZvi evB‡iI G MvbwU RbwcÖq n‡q I‡V| wK‡kvi iex›`ªbv_I wn›`y †gjvq Dc¯’vcbvi R‡b¨ KweZv I Mvb iPbv K‡ib| 1875 mv‡j Zuv‡K cÖ_g †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mvb iPbv Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| †Rvov muv‡Kv VvKzi evwo‡K †K›`ª K‡i wn›`y †gjvi Kvh©m~wP Pjv Kv‡jB ivRbvivqY emy‡K mfvcwZ K‡i †R¨vwZwi›`ªbv_ VvKzi (1841-1925) m¤úv`‡Ki `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i 1876 mv‡j mÄxebx mfv cªwZôv K‡ib| ¯^v‡`wkKZv cÖPvi GB ms¯’vi g~j jÿ¨ wQj| †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mvb iPbv I cÖPvi wQj GB gÂ †_‡K †`kvZ¥‡eva cÖPv‡ii m‡e©vËg gva¨g| VvKzi evwoi m`m¨‡`i evB‡iI A‡bK †`kvZ¥‡evaK msMxZ iPwqZv mÄxebx mfvi m‡½ hy³ n‡qwQ‡jb|

†m w`b evsjv †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mvb iPbvi m~Pbv Kvj| †m mgqB cÖf~Z cwigv‡Y ¯^‡`kx Mvb iwPZ nq| Z‡e iwPZ Mv‡bi meB msiwÿZ nqwb| msiwÿZ A‡bK Mv‡bi iPwqZvi bvg Rvbv hvqwb| evsjv †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mv‡bi m~Pbv j‡MœB †ek K‡qKwU MxZ msKjb cÖKvwkZ nq| ÔRvZxq msMxZÕ bv‡g cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ msKjbwU (1876) m¤úv`bv K‡ib †R¨vwZwi›`ªbv_ VvKzi| ØviKvbv_ M‡½vcva¨vq m¤úvw`Z ÔRvZxq msMxZÕ (1878), ivRK…ò ivq m¤úvw`Z ÔfviZMvbÕ (1871) Rjai †mb m¤úvw`Z ÔRvZxq D”Q¡vmÕ MÖš’ Î‡q ˆewPÎ c~Y© evsjv †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mvb AšÍfy³© n‡q‡Q| beKvšÍ P‡Uªvcva¨vq m¤úvw`Z ÔfviZxq msMxZ gy³vejxÕ (1885)-‡Z eû msL¨K evsjv †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mvb msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| m~Pbvi w`‡Ki †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mv‡b ivM msMx‡Zi cÖfve Mfxi| aªæc`, †Lqvj I Uàv GB wZb ixwZi ï× I wgkª e¨enviB me©vwaK cÖhy³ nq| †jvKmsMx‡Zi e¨envi mvgvb¨| ØviKvbv_ M‡½vcva¨vq Zuvi msKj‡bi †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mvb mg~n‡K †kvPbv I DÏxcbv GB `yB wk‡ivbv‡g wef³ K‡iwQ‡jb| cÖ_g w`KKvi evsjv †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mv‡b †e`bvi avivwUB cÖejZi wQj|

†gjv c‡e©B 1872 mv‡j KjKvZvi †Rvovmuv‡Kvi mvaviY i½j‡qi D‡Øvab nq| cÖ_g iRbx‡Z AwfbxZ nq `xbeÜz wg‡Îi Ôbxj`c©YÕ| bxjKi we‡ivax †m bvU‡Ki `ywU Mvb cÖej †`k‡ev‡a evsjv i½gÂ‡K Av‡jvwoZ K‡i †Zv‡j| `xN©Kvj a‡i evsjv i½g‡Â †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mvb Dc¯’vc‡bi ixwZ Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| †R¨vwZwi›`ªbv_ VvKzi G e¨vcv‡i AMÖYxi f~wgKv MÖnY K‡ib| 1885 mv‡j Ôfvi‡Zi RvZxq Ks‡MÖmÕ `j cÖwZwôZ n‡j evsjvq GB `‡ji Kvh©µg I evwl©K Awa‡ekb‡K †K›`ª K‡i †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mvb iPbvi aviv h‡_ó ‡cÖiYv mÂq K‡i| †e`bvi avivi cwie‡Z© DÏxcbvi aviv µ‡gB †eMevb n‡Z _v‡K| 1876 mv‡j bexbP›`ª †mb iwPZ ÔPvwnbv ¯^‡M©i myL b›`b Kvbb/gyn‡Z©K cvB hw` ¯^vaxb RxebÕ MvbwU ¯^vaxbZvi AvKv•Lv I DÏxcbvi aviv‡K †eMevb K‡i Zzj‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| mv¤úÖ`vwqK cÖxwZ, Z_v wn›`y-gymjgv‡bi g‡a¨ cÖxwZc~Y© m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi AvnŸevb Rvwb‡q Mvb iPbvi aviv ZLb †_‡KB h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡ cvq| wn›`y-gymjgv‡bi g‡a¨ m¤úÖxwZ Kvgbv K‡i iwPZ Mvb mg~n Ôwgjb MvbÕ bv‡g wewkó GKwU wk‡ivbv‡g cwiwPZ nq| †R¨vwZwi›`ªbv_ VvKzi, iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, ¯^Y©Kzgvix †`ex (1855-1932), mijv †`ex †PŠayivbx (1872-1945) cÖgyL VvKzi evwoi m`m¨ msMxZ iPwqZvMY G e¨vcv‡i we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| GB fv‡e evsjv †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mv‡bi weKvk wek kZ‡Ki m~Pbvq G‡m DcbxZ nq|

evsjv †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mv‡bi weKvk‡K wZbwU ch©v‡q wef³ Kiv nq : 1. cÖvK e½f½ ch©vq ev wn›`y †gjv †_‡K e½f½ ch©šÍ mgq iwPZ Mvb, 2. e½f½ ch©vq I e½f½ ci ch©vq| wek kZ‡Ki m~Pbvq G‡m cÖvK e½f½ ch©vqwU mgvß nq|

g‡b Kiv nq †h, 1867-1904 Kvj c‡e© ev cÖvK e½f½ ch©v‡q evsjv †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mv‡bi m~Pbv NU‡jI G MxZixwZi h_v_© c

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