¯§iYxq eiYxq
R¨vwgwZwe` BDwK¬W
†MvUv we‡k¦ cÖL¨vZ R¨vwgwZwe` BDwK¬W ¯§iYxq n‡q Av‡Qb `yB nvRvi eQi a‡i| RxweZKv‡j gnvgwZ Av‡jKRvÛvi, †b‡cvwjqb I gvwU©b jy_v‡ii g‡Zv gnvb e¨w³Z¡ BDwK¬‡Wi †P‡q †ewk cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| wKš‘ cieZx© mg‡q Zv‡`i †P‡q BDwK¬‡Wi L¨vwZB `xN©¯’vqx n‡q Av‡Q| Avi Zuvi cÖYxZ Awe¯§iYxq MÖš’ `¨ Gwj‡g›Um cvV¨cy¯ÍK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q Kvh©Ki I ¯^v_©K cvV¨eB wn‡m‡e| wek¦‡Rvov L¨vwZ huvi, †mB R¨vwgwZwe` BDwK¬W-Gi Rxeb m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ †Zgb wKQy Rvbv hvq bv| ïay GBUzKz mZ¨ †h, wLª÷c~e© Z…Zxq kZ‡K BDwK¬W wgk‡ii Av‡jKRvw›`ªqvq Aa¨vcbv Ki‡Zb| Zuvi Rb¥g„Zz¨ ZvwiL wbwðZ nIqv hvqwb| †Zgwb Rvbv hvqwb Zvi Rb¥¯’vb I †`‡ki K_v| A‡b‡Ki aviYv-wZwb wQ‡jb MÖxK| hw`I BDwK¬W wewfbœ ai‡bi eB wj‡LwQ‡jb, hv‡`i K‡qKwU GL‡bv wU‡K Av‡Q, BwZnv‡m Zuvi Ae¯’vb wKš‘ cÖavbZ R¨vwgwZ wel‡q Zuvi weL¨vZ cvV¨cy¯ÍK `¨ Gwj‡g›Um-Gi Dci wbf©ikxj| GB MÖ‡š’i ¸iæZ¡ Dc¯’vwcZ †Kv‡bv GKK Z‡Ë¡i g‡a¨ wbwnZ bq| GB eB‡qi cÖvq me¸‡jv ZË¡B BDwK¬‡Wi Av‡MB Avwe®‹…Z n‡qwQ‡jv ev Rvbv wQ‡jv Ges AwaKvs‡ki mc‡ÿB h‡_ó cÖgvYvw` wQ‡jv| BDwK¬‡Wi eo Ae`vb n‡jv welqe¯‘i web¨v‡m Ges eBwUi mvwe©K cwiKíbv‡K m~ÎvwqZ ev wewae× Kivq| GB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB BDwK¬W K‡qKwU ¯^Ztwm× mZ¨ Axioms) I ¯^xKvh© (postulates) wbe©vPb K‡ib| Gici BDwK¬W Zuvi ZË¡mg~n (Theorems) hZœmnKv‡i Ges mZK©Zvi mv‡_ avivevwnKfv‡e web¨¯Í K‡ib hv‡Z cÖwZwU ZË¡ †hŠw³Kfv‡e c~e©eZx©wU‡K AbymiY K‡i ev c~e©eZx©wUi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© nq| cÖ‡qvR‡b BDwK¬W †Kv‡bv Am¤ú~Y© avc ev cÖgv‡Yi c~Y©Zv w`‡q‡Qb I Abycw¯’Z cÖgv‡Yi weKvk mvab K‡i‡Qb| Gwj‡g›Um Gi g‡Zv G‡Zv g~j¨evb Avi †Kv‡bv MÖš’B wQ‡jv bv| cÖavbZ GwU mgZj R¨vwgwZ I Nb R¨vwgwZi weKvk mvab Ki‡jI exRMwYZ I msL¨vZ‡Ë¡i GKUv weivU AskI G‡Z Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| BDwK¬W Ggb PgrKvi mvov RvMv‡bv KvR K‡iwQ‡jb †h Gwj‡g›Um cÖKv‡ki Av‡Mi mKj R¨vwgwZÐcvV¨ eB‡qi RvqMv G eBwU `Lj K‡i †bq| Gi d‡j AZ¨šÍ `ªæZ Ab¨ eB¸‡jvi K_v gvbyl fz‡j †h‡Z _v‡K| MÖxK fvlvq wjwLZ Gwj‡g›Um Ab¨ eû fvlvq Abyw`Z n‡q‡Q| Gwj‡g›Um Gi cÖ_g gyw`ªZ msKjbwU cvIqv hvq 1482 mv‡ji cÖ_gw`‡K, ¸‡Ubev‡M©i QvcvLvbv Avwe®‹v‡ii cÖvq 30 eQi ci| IB mgq †_‡K Gwj‡g›Um Gi GK nvRv‡iiI †ewk wewfbœ ms¯‹iY cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| gvby‡li gb‡K †hŠw³K wePv‡ii Dchy³ K‡i Zzj‡Z BDwK¬‡Wi Gwj‡g›Um hyw³we`¨vq A¨vwi÷U‡ji †jLv †h †Kvb eB‡qi †P‡qI †ewk cÖfvekvjx| Gwj‡g›Um n‡jv c~Y©v½ Ae‡ivn msMV‡bi me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ I cÖwZwôZ D`vniY, eBwU ZvB AvZ¥cÖKv‡ki ci †_‡K A‡bK weL¨vZ wPšÍvwe`‡K we‡gvwnZ K‡i‡Q|Õ AvBb÷vB‡bi mvwe©K Z_¨ M„nxZ nIqvi ci weÁvbxMY Dcjwä Ki‡Qb †h BDwK¬‡Wi R¨vwgwZ‡K ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© m½wZc~Y© R¨vwgwZK e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e fvev hvq bv| †hgb eøvK †nvj I wbDUªb bÿ‡Îi KvQvKvwQ †hLv‡b gva¨vKl©Y fxlY Zxeª, †mLv‡b BDwK¬‡Wi R¨vwgwZK ZË¡ mwVK wPÎ w`‡Z Aÿg Ges gnvwe‡k¦i mwVK eY©bv w`‡ZI AcivM| Z‡e GUv mevB †g‡b wb‡q‡Qb †h, BDwK¬‡Wi KvR mnvqZvi KvQvKvwQ wQ‡jv Ges weÁv‡bi AMÖhvÎvq Zuvi Kg©Kv‡Êi HwZnvwmK ¸iæZ¡ Av‡Rv A¤øvb| 0 †gv¯ÍvwdRyi ingvb Ry‡qj
|